Multidimensional Empowerment among Rural Tourism Entrepreneurs in Emerging Destinations of Valle del Cauca, Colombia

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dc.creatorBenavides Sánchez, Edward Andrés
dc.creatorReyes Otalora, Esperanza
dc.creatorGóngora Nazareno, Francisco Andrés
dc.date2026-01-30
dc.descriptionObjective: This study aimed to explore and describe different dimensions of empowerment—economic, psychological, social, political, and environmental—among rural tourism entrepreneurs in Palmira and Pradera (Colombia), as well as to analyze differences by municipality and by gender.Design/Methodology: A cross-sectional, exploratory–comparative design was employed using purposive sampling (n = 51). First, an adapted 20-item scale was administered, and indices were constructed for each dimension. Data were treated as ordinal; medians and interquartile ranges were reported. To examine group differences, comparisons were performed using the two-tailed Wilcoxon rank-sum test (Mann–Whitney U test). In addition, Cliff’s delta was calculated to estimate effect size, and multiple testing was controlled using the Benjamini–Hochberg correction.Findings: The results revealed high levels of empowerment in the psychological and environmental dimensions. In contrast, economic and social empowerment showed moderate levels, while political empowerment was low. Furthermore, after adjusting for multiple comparisons, no statistically robust differences emerged by municipality or by gender across the dimensional indices. Trends favored Palmira in the social dimension, and small signals appeared in the political and environmental dimensions. Similarly, lower scores among women in the social and political dimensions were observed. However, none of these patterns were sustained after correction.Conclusions: Empowerment appears to be more consolidated in psychological and sustainability-related components, whereas the political dimension remains underdeveloped. Differences by municipality and gender seem subtle and may require larger samples to be detected. It is therefore recommended to strengthen inclusive governance mechanisms, collaborative networks, and the definition of clear environmental practices and indicators.Originality: This study provides context-specific evidence from emerging rural destinations and offers transparent diagnostic reliability estimates by dimension. In doing so, it contributes practical guidance for refining, in particular, the political and environmental dimensions of empowerment in future research.en-US
dc.descriptionObjetivo: el objetivo fue explorar y describir los niveles de empoderamiento —económico, psicológico, social, político y ambiental— en emprendedores de turismo rural de Palmira y Pradera, y comparar diferencias por municipio y por sexo.Diseño/metodología: se realizó un estudio transversal, exploratorio-comparativo, con muestreo intencional (n=51). Primero, se aplicó una escala adaptada de 20 ítems y se construyeron índices por dimensión. Los datos se trataron como ordinales; se reportaron medianas y rango intercuartílico. Las comparaciones entre grupos se efectuaron con la prueba de rangos de Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) bilateral. Además, se informó el tamaño del efecto de Cliff y se controló la multiplicidad con la corrección de Benjamini y Hochberg.Resultados: los resultados muestran niveles altos en las dimensiones psicológica y ambiental, niveles medios en las dimensiones económica y social, y niveles bajos en la dimensión política. Además, tras la corrección por multiplicidad, no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente robustas por municipio ni por sexo en los índices dimensionales. Se identificaron tendencias a favor de Palmira en la dimensión social y señales pequeñas en las dimensiones política y ambiental, así como indicios de menores puntajes en mujeres en lo social y político; ninguna de estas tendencias se mantuvo con la corrección.Conclusiones: el empoderamiento se percibe más consolidado en componentes psicológicos y de sostenibilidad, mientras que la dimensión política aparece rezagada. Las brechas por municipio y por sexo parecen sutiles y requieren muestras mayores para su detección. Se recomienda fortalecer mecanismos de gobernanza inclusiva, redes de colaboración y definición de prácticas e indicadores ambientales.Originalidad: el estudio aporta evidencia contextual para destinos rurales emergentes y transparenta la confiabilidad diagnóstica por dimensión, ofreciendo insumos para afinar especialmente las dimensiones política y ambiental en investigaciones futuras.es-ES
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dc.identifierhttps://revistas.itm.edu.co/index.php/revista-cea/article/view/3376
dc.identifier10.22430/24223182.3376
dc.languagespa
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherInstitución Universitaria ITMen-US
dc.relationhttps://revistas.itm.edu.co/index.php/revista-cea/article/view/3376/3998
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dc.rightsCopyright (c) 2026 Edward Andrés Benavides Sánchez, Esperanza Reyes Otalora, Francisco Andrés Góngora Nazarenoen-US
dc.rightshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0en-US
dc.sourceRevista CEA; Vol. 12 No. 28 (2026); Art. e3376en-US
dc.sourceRevista CEA; Vol. 12 Núm. 28 (2026); Art. e3376es-ES
dc.source2422-3182
dc.source2390-0725
dc.subjectempoderamiento multidimensionales-ES
dc.subjectturismo rurales-ES
dc.subjectemprendimiento sosteniblees-ES
dc.subjectdesarrollo locales-ES
dc.subjectmultidimensional empowermenten-US
dc.subjectrural tourismen-US
dc.subjectsustainable entrepreneurshipen-US
dc.subjectlocal developmenten-US
dc.titleMultidimensional Empowerment among Rural Tourism Entrepreneurs in Emerging Destinations of Valle del Cauca, Colombiaen-US
dc.titleEl empoderamiento multidimensional en emprendedores del turismo rural en destinos emergentes del Valle del Cauca, Colombiaes-ES
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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