Evaluation of Bactericidal Activity of Electrochemical GO Modified with TiO2 Nanoparticles

dc.creatorDurango Giraldo*, Geraldine
dc.creatorZapata-Hernández, Juan Camilo
dc.creatorBetancur Henao, Claudia
dc.creatorSanta Marín, Juan Felipe
dc.creatorBuitrago Sierra, Robison
dc.date2023-12-29
dc.date.accessioned2025-10-01T23:53:09Z
dc.descriptionRecently, antibacterial materials have sparked a renewed interest in the fields of biomedical engineering and life sciences. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles with anatase phase and an average size of 24.1 ± 4.6 nm, graphene oxide (GO) obtained from the electrochemical method, and TiO2/GO hybrid nanomaterial. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed the presence of oxygen functionalities in the GO structure and 23.2 % of TiO2 in the hybrid nanomaterial, as well as a strong interaction between the materials that can be observed in the micrograph of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Antibacterial tests were performed using the macrodilution method. The results showed that, while GO did not decrease bacterial growth, TiO2 presented high bactericidal activity. In turn, the hybrid TiO2/GO nanomaterial did not show such activity. This result can be explained by the decrease in contact between TiO2 and bacterial cells due to the blocking of the active sites on the TiO2 surface by graphene oxide sheets. These results contribute to the ongoing discussion about the bactericidal properties of graphene oxide.en-US
dc.descriptionRecientemente, los materiales antibacterianos han despertado un renovado interés en el campo de la ingeniería biomédica y las ciencias de la vida. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en evaluar las propiedades fisicoquímicas de nanopartículas de TiO2 fase anatasa y un tamaño medio de 24.1 ± 4.6 nm, óxido de grafeno (GO) obtenido a partir del método electroquímico y un nanomaterial hibrido TiO2/GO. El análisis termogravimétrico (TGA) reveló la presencia de funcionalidades de oxígeno en la estructura del GO, y se encontró un 23.2 % de TiO2 en el nanomaterial híbrido y una fuerte interacción entre los materiales que puede observarse en las micrografías de microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM). Las pruebas antibacterianas fueron realizadas usando el método de macrodilución. Los resultados evidenciaron que, mientras que el GO no disminuyó el crecimiento bacteriano, el TiO2 presentó una alta actividad bactericida. A su vez, el nanomaterial híbrido TiO2/GO no mostró dicha actividad. Este resultado puede explicarse por la disminución del contacto entre el TiO2 y las células bacterianas debido al bloqueo de los sitios activos en la superficie del TiO2 por las láminas de óxido de grafeno. Estos resultados contribuyen a la discusión en curso sobre las propiedades bactericidas del óxido de grafeno.es-ES
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formatapplication/zip
dc.formattext/xml
dc.formattext/html
dc.identifierhttps://revistas.itm.edu.co/index.php/tecnologicas/article/view/2765
dc.identifier10.22430/22565337.2765
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12622/7880
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherInstituto Tecnológico Metropolitano (ITM)es-ES
dc.relationhttps://revistas.itm.edu.co/index.php/tecnologicas/article/view/2765/3008
dc.relationhttps://revistas.itm.edu.co/index.php/tecnologicas/article/view/2765/3070
dc.relationhttps://revistas.itm.edu.co/index.php/tecnologicas/article/view/2765/3071
dc.relationhttps://revistas.itm.edu.co/index.php/tecnologicas/article/view/2765/3123
dc.relation/*ref*/H. A. Khan, A. Ahmad, and R. Mehboob, “Nosocomial infections and their control strategies,” Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 509–514, Jul. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.05.001
dc.relation/*ref*/S. L. Percival, and D. W. Williams, “Escherichia coli,” in Microbiology of Waterborne Diseases, Elsevier, 2014, pp. 89–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415846-7.00006-8
dc.relation/*ref*/E. P. Dellinger, “Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections,” Surg Infect (Larchmt)., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 422–426, Jul. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2016.048
dc.relation/*ref*/Z. Chao, W. Xinru, L. Aihui, C. Pan, H. Ding, and Y. Wei, “Reduced graphene oxide/titanium dioxide hybrid nanofiller-reinforced electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds for tissue engineering - ScienceDirect,” Mater. Lett., vol. 291, p. 129563, May. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.129563
dc.relation/*ref*/C. Ying-Na et al., “Synthesis of magnetic graphene oxide-TiO 2 and their antibacterial properties under solar irradiation,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 343, pp. 1–10, Jul. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.03.082
dc.relation/*ref*/H. Mohammed et al., “Antimicrobial Mechanisms and Effectiveness of Graphene and Graphene-Functionalized Biomaterials. A Scope Review,” Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., vol. 8, May. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00465
dc.relation/*ref*/H. M. Hegab, A. Elmekawy, L. Zou, D. Mulcahy, C. P. Saint, and M. Ginic-Markovic, “The controversial antibacterial activity of graphene-based materials,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 105, pp. 362–376, Aug. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.04.046
dc.relation/*ref*/J. Qiu, L. Liu, H. Zhu, and X. Liu, “Combination types between graphene oxide and substrate affect the antibacterial activity,” Bioactive Materials, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 341–346, Sep. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.05.001
dc.relation/*ref*/A. A. Menazea, and M. K. Ahmed, “Synthesis and antibacterial activity of graphene oxide decorated by silver and copper oxide nanoparticles,” J. Mol. Struct., vol. 1218, p. 128536, Oct. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128536
dc.relation/*ref*/K. Zhu, H. Tian, X. Zheng, L. Wang, and X. Wang, “Triangular silver nanoparticles loaded on graphene oxide sheets as an antibacterial film,” Materials Letters, vol. 275, p. 128162, Sep. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2020.128162
dc.relation/*ref*/H. Feng, R. Cheng, X. Zhao, X. Duan, and J. Li, “A low-temperature method to produce highly reduced graphene oxide,” Nat. Commun., vol. 4, p.1539, Feb. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2555
dc.relation/*ref*/M. J. Fernández-Merino et al., “Vitamin C is an ideal substitute for hydrazine in the reduction of graphene oxide suspensions,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C., vol. 114, no. 14, pp. 6426–6432, Mar. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp100603h
dc.relation/*ref*/C. Xu, X. Shi, A. Ji, L. Shi, C. Zhou, and Y. Cui, “Fabrication and characteristics of reduced graphene oxide produced with different green reductants,” PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 12, p. e0144842, Dec. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144842
dc.relation/*ref*/V. Likodimos, “Photonic crystal-assisted visible light activated TiO2photocatalysis,” Appl. Catal. B: Environmental., vol. 230, pp. 269–303, Aug. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.02.039
dc.relation/*ref*/C. Dette et al., “TiO2 Anatase with a Bandgap in the Visible Region,” Nano. Lett., vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 6533–6538, Sep. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl503131s
dc.relation/*ref*/U. Diebold, “The surface science of titanium dioxide,” Surf. Sci. Rep., vol. 48, no. 5–8, pp. 53–229, Jan. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5729(02)00100-0
dc.relation/*ref*/A. J. Haider, Z. N. Jameel, and I. H. M. Al-Hussaini, “Review on: Titanium dioxide applications,” Energy Procedia, vol. 157, pp. 17–29, Jan. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.159
dc.relation/*ref*/T. Gakhar, and A. Hazra, “p-TiO2/GO heterojunction based VOC sensors: A new approach to amplify sensitivity in FET structure at optimized gate voltage,” Measurement, vol. 182, p. 109721, Sep. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MEASUREMENT.2021.109721
dc.relation/*ref*/Y. Sang et al., “Enhanced photocatalytic property of reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 nanobelt surface heterostructures constructed by an in situ photochemical reduction method,” Small, vol. 10, no. 18, pp. 3775–3782, Sep. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/SMLL.201303489
dc.relation/*ref*/W. Fan, Q. Lai, Q. Zhang, and Y. Wang, “Nanocomposites of TiO2 and Reduced Graphene Oxide as Efficient Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 115, no. 21, pp. 10694–10701, May. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1021/JP2008804
dc.relation/*ref*/M. Karimi-Nazarabad, E. K. Goharshadi, and M. Aziznezhad, “Solar Mineralization of Hard-Degradable Amphetamine Using TiO2/RGO Nanocomposite,” ChemistrySelect, vol. 4, no. 48, pp. 14175–14183, Dec. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/SLCT.201903943
dc.relation/*ref*/Y. Jia, C. Hu, P. Shi, Q. Xu, W. Zhu, and R. Liu, “Effects of cellulose nanofibrils/graphene oxide hybrid nanofiller in PVA nanocomposites,” Int. J. Biol. Macromol., vol. 161, pp. 223–230, Oct. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJBIOMAC.2020.06.013
dc.relation/*ref*/I. Kartini, P. Meredith, J. C. D. Da Costa, and G. Q. Lu, “A novel route to the synthesis of mesoporous titania with full anatase nanocrystalline domains,” J. Solgel. Sci. Technol., vol. 31, no. 1-3, pp. 185–189, Aug. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JSST.0000047984.60654.a1
dc.relation/*ref*/G. Durango-Giraldo, A. Cardona, J. F. Zapata, J. F. Santa, and R. Buitrago-Sierra, “Titanium dioxide modified with silver by two methods for bactericidal applications,” Heliyon, vol. 5, no. 5, p. e01608, May. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01608
dc.relation/*ref*/R. Boardman, and R. A. Smith, “Evaluating the efficacy of an essential oil extract of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococci,” American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 17–22, Apr. 2016. https://www.essencejournal.com/pdf/2016/vol4issue2/PartA/4-2-3-902.pdf
dc.relation/*ref*/C. Zapata-Hernandez, G. Durango-Giraldo, K. Cauca, and R. Buitrago-Sierra, “Influence of graphene oxide synthesis methods on the electrical conductivity of cotton/graphene oxide composites,” The Journal of The Textile Institute, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 131-140, Dec. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2020.1865507
dc.relation/*ref*/X. Wei, G. Zhu, J. Fang, and J. Chen, “Synthesis, characterization, and photocatalysis of well-dispersible phase-pure anatase TiO2 nanoparticles,” International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2013, Apr. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/726872
dc.relation/*ref*/S. E. Bourdo et al., “Physicochemical characteristics of pristine and functionalized graphene,” Journal of Applied Toxicology, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 1288–1296, Nov. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3493
dc.relation/*ref*/Y. Z. N. Htwe, W. S. Chow, Y. Suda, A. A. Thant, and M. Mariatti, “Effect of electrolytes and sonication times on the formation of graphene using an electrochemical exfoliation process,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 469. pp. 951–961, Mar. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.11.029
dc.relation/*ref*/K. K. De Silva, H. Hsin-Hui, S. Suzuki, and M. Yoshimura, “Ethanol-assisted restoration of graphitic structure with simultaneous thermal reduction of graphene oxide,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 57, no. 8S1, p. 08NB03, Jun. 2018. https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.57.08NB03
dc.relation/*ref*/A. Ilnicka, M. Skorupska, P. Kamedulski, and J. P. Lukaszewicz, “Electro-exfoliation of graphite to graphene in an aqueous solution of inorganic salt and the stabilization of its sponge structure with poly(Furfuryl alcohol),” Nanomaterials, vol. 9, no. 7, p. 971, Jul. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9070971
dc.relation/*ref*/X. Mei, X. Meng, and F. Wu, “Hydrothermal method for the production of reduced graphene oxide,” Physica E: Low-Dimens Syst Nanostruct., vol. 68, pp. 81–86, Apr. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2014.12.011
dc.relation/*ref*/R. Kumar et al., “Bulk synthesis of highly conducting graphene oxide with long range ordering,” RSC Adv., vol. 5, no. 45, pp. 35893–35898, Apr. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra01943e
dc.relation/*ref*/K. Min-Sik, W. Jeong-Min, G. Dae-Myeong, J. R. Rani, and J. Jae-Hyung, “Effect of copper surface pre-treatment on the properties of CVD grown graphene,” AIP Adv., vol. 4, no. 12, Dec. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4903369
dc.relation/*ref*/J. R. Anasdass, P. Kannaiyan, R. Raghavachary, S. C. B. Gopinath, and Y. Chen, “Palladium nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide sheets synthesized using Ficus carica fruit extract: A catalyst for Suzuki cross-coupling reactions,” PLoS One, vol. 13, no. 2, p. e0193281, Feb. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193281
dc.relation/*ref*/S. A. Khan et al., “Synthesis of TiO2/Graphene oxide nanocomposites for their enhanced photocatalytic activity against methylene blue dye and ciprofloxacin,” Compos. B. Eng., vol. 175, p. 107120, Oct. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107120
dc.relation/*ref*/T. Lling-Lling, O. Wee-Jun, C. Siang-Piao, and A. R. Mohamed, “Reduced graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite as a promising visible-light-active photocatalyst for the conversion of carbon dioxide,” Nanoscale Res. Lett., vol. 8, no. 1, p. 465, Nov. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-8-465
dc.relation/*ref*/K. K. Abbas, and A. M. H. A. Al-Ghaban, “Enhanced solar light photoreduction of innovative TiO2 nanospherical shell by reduced graphene oxide for removal silver ions from aqueous media,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 7, no. 3, p. 103168, Jun. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103168
dc.relation/*ref*/Y. Ren, L. Zhao, Y. Zou, L. Song, N. Dong, and J. Wang, “Effects of different TiO2 particle sizes on the microstructure and optical limiting properties of TiO2/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites,” Nanomaterials, vol. 9, no. 5, p.730, May. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9050730
dc.relation/*ref*/M. P. Lavin-Lopez, A. Paton-Carrero, L. Sanchez-Silva, J. L. Valverde, and A. Romero, “Influence of the reduction strategy in the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide,” Advanced Powder Technology, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 3195–3203, Dec. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2017.09.032
dc.relation/*ref*/R. Larciprete, P. Lacovig, S. Gardonio, A. Baraldi, and S. Lizzit, “Atomic oxygen on graphite: Chemical characterization and thermal reduction,” Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 116, no. 18, pp. 9900–9908, Apr. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp2098153
dc.relation/*ref*/C. Botas et al., “Critical temperatures in the synthesis of graphene-like materials by thermal exfoliation-reduction of graphite oxide,” Carbon N. Y, vol. 52, p. 476-485, Feb. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.09.059
dc.relation/*ref*/G. Zhang, M. Wen, S. Wang, J. Chen, and J. Wang, “Insights into thermal reduction of the oxidized graphite from the electro-oxidation processing of nuclear graphite matrix,” RSC Adv., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 567–579, Jan. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra11578d
dc.relation/*ref*/V. Z. Baldissarelli, T. De Souza, L. Andrade, L. F. C. De Oliveira, H. J. José, and R. D. F. P. Muniz Moreira, “Preparation and photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 -exfoliated graphite oxide composite using an ecofriendly graphite oxidation method,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 359, pp. 868–874, Dec. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.10.199
dc.relation/*ref*/P. Yu, S. E. Lowe, G. P. Simon, and Y. L. Zhong, “Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite and production of functional graphene,” Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 20, no. 5–6, pp. 329–338, Oct-Dec. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2015.10.007
dc.relation/*ref*/L. Qiu et al., “Dispersing carbon nanotubes with graphene oxide in water and synergistic effects between graphene derivatives,” Chemistry - A European Journal, vol. 16, no. 35, pp. 10653–10658, Sep. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201001771
dc.relation/*ref*/N. Keklikcioglu Cakmak, “The impact of surfactants on the stability and thermal conductivity of graphene oxide de-ionized water nanofluids,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 139, no. 3, pp. 1895–1902, Dec. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-019-09096-6
dc.relation/*ref*/H. Lee, J. I. Choi, J. Park, S. S. Jang, and S. W. Lee, “Role of anions on electrochemical exfoliation of graphite into graphene in aqueous acids,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 167, pp. 816–825, Oct. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.06.044
dc.relation/*ref*/M. Yousefi et al., “Anti-bacterial activity of graphene oxide as a new weapon nanomaterial to combat multidrug-resistance bacteria,” Materials Science and Engineering C Mater. Biol. Appl., vol. 74. pp. 568–581, May. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.125
dc.relation/*ref*/N. S. Ahmad, N. Abdullah, and F. M. Yasin, “Toxicity assessment of reduced graphene oxide and titanium dioxide nanomaterials on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria under normal laboratory lighting condition,” Toxicology Reports, vol. 7, pp. 693–699, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.04.015
dc.relation/*ref*/A. Khan, F. Ameen, F. Khan, A. Al-Arfaj, and B. Ahmed, “Fabrication and antibacterial activity of nanoenhanced conjugate of silver (I) oxide with graphene oxide,” Mater. Today Commun., vol. 25, p. 101667, Dec. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2020.101667
dc.relation/*ref*/H. Zheng et al., “Antibacterial applications of graphene oxides: structure-activity relationships, molecular initiating events and biosafety,” Science Bulletin, vol. 63, no. 2. pp. 133–142, Jan. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2017.12.012
dc.relation/*ref*/C. Xie et al., “Elucidating the origin of the surface functionalization - dependent bacterial toxicity of graphene nanomaterials: Oxidative damage, physical disruption, and cell autolysis,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 747, p. 141546, Dec. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141546
dc.relation/*ref*/T. Zhang, and T. Pier-Luc, “Graphene: An Antibacterial Agent or a Promoter of Bacterial Proliferation?,” iScience, vol. 23, no. 12, p. 101787, Dec. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101787
dc.relation/*ref*/H. Luo, H. Ao, M. Peng, F. Yao, Z. Yang, and Y. Wan, “Effect of highly dispersed graphene and graphene oxide in 3D nanofibrous bacterial cellulose scaffold on cell responses: A comparative study,” Mater. Chem. Phys., vol. 235, p. 121774, Sep. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.121774
dc.relation/*ref*/A. Raja C. et al., “Decoration of 1-D nano bioactive glass on reduced graphene oxide sheets: Strategies and in vitro bioactivity studies,” Materials Science and Engineering C Mater. Biol. Appl., vol. 90, pp. 85–94, Sep. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.040
dc.relation/*ref*/O. N. Ruiz et al., “Graphene oxide: a nonspecific enhancer of cellular growth,” ACS Nano, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 8100–8107, Sep. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn202699t
dc.relation/*ref*/V. Scuderi et al., “Photocatalytic and antibacterial properties of titanium dioxide flat film,” Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process., vol. 42, pp. 32–35, Feb. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2015.09.005
dc.relation/*ref*/Y. H. Leung et al., “Toxicity of ZnO and TiO2 to Escherichia coli cells.,” Sci. Rep., vol. 6, p. 35243, Oct. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35243
dc.relation/*ref*/A. Wanag et al., “Antibacterial properties of TiO2 modified with reduced graphene oxide,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 147, pp. 788–793, Jan. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.039
dc.rightsDerechos de autor 2023 TecnoLógicases-ES
dc.rightshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0es-ES
dc.sourceTecnoLógicas; Vol. 26 No. 58 (2023); e2765en-US
dc.sourceTecnoLógicas; Vol. 26 Núm. 58 (2023); e2765es-ES
dc.source2256-5337
dc.source0123-7799
dc.subjectActividad bactericidaes-ES
dc.subjectnanomaterial híbridoes-ES
dc.subjectóxido de grafenoes-ES
dc.subjectdióxido de titanioes-ES
dc.subjectbacterial activityen-US
dc.subjecthybrid nanomaterialen-US
dc.subjectgraphene oxideen-US
dc.subjecttitanium dioxideen-US
dc.titleEvaluation of Bactericidal Activity of Electrochemical GO Modified with TiO2 Nanoparticlesen-US
dc.titleEvaluación de la actividad bactericida de GO electroquímico modificado con nanopartículas de TiO2es-ES
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.typeResearch Papersen-US
dc.typeArtículos de investigaciónes-ES

Archivos

Bloque original

Mostrando 1 - 4 de 4
Cargando...
Miniatura
Nombre:
2765-MPU-VF.pdf
Tamaño:
678.9 KB
Formato:
Adobe Portable Document Format
Cargando...
Miniatura
Nombre:
344275988014.epub
Tamaño:
520 KB
Formato:
Electronic publishing
Cargando...
Miniatura
Nombre:
344275988014.xml
Tamaño:
101.73 KB
Formato:
Extensible Markup Language
Cargando...
Miniatura
Nombre:
3123.html
Tamaño:
118 KB
Formato:
Hypertext Markup Language