Effect of Additives Used in 3D Printing of Portland Cement, Geopolymers and Clay Mixtures: A Review

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dc.creatorMuñoz-Benavides, Miguel A.
dc.creatorRobayo-Salazar, Rafael
dc.creatorMejía-de-Gutiérrez, Ruby
dc.date2025-08-30
dc.date.accessioned2025-10-01T23:53:16Z
dc.descriptionControlling the properties of 3D printing mixtures used in construction processes is a major challenge for engineering and materials science, as it requires the use of additives to facilitate their extrusion and layer-by-layer printing. The objective of this review was to analyze the mix designs reported in the scientific literature related to the use of additives. The methodology employed consisted of a review of the Scopus database on additives used in Portland cement-based mixtures, geopolymers, and clays. The types of additives analyzed include: 1) superplasticizers and water reducing additives, which influence fluidity, elastic limit and mechanical resistance, favoring pumpability and extrusion capacity; 2) additives that modify viscosity and rheological properties, which affect static and dynamic flow efficiency, thixotropy, and contribute to increased buildability and printing quality; and 3) setting and hardening regulators, which modify the cement hydration process and have a direct influence on the open time of the mixes. Analysis of the results allowed us to identify critical rheological properties that must be optimized during the design of 3D printing mixes, such as viscosity, thixotropy, and extrusion time. It is concluded that it is important to consider these factors when selecting the additives required in 3D printing mixtures, especially in the case of alternative materials such as geopolymers and clays. The information reported in this review is essential for designers, researchers, and producers interested in exploring the additive manufacturing of these construction materials.en-US
dc.descriptionEl control de las propiedades de las mezclas de impresión 3D aptas para emplear en procesos constructivos es un gran reto para la ingeniería y la ciencia de los materiales, ya que se requiere el uso de aditivos para facilitar su extrusión e impresión capa a capa. El objetivo fue analizar los diseños de mezclas reportados en la literatura científica relacionados con el uso de aditivos. La metodología empleada consistió en la revisión en la base de datos Scopus sobre aditivos utilizados en mezclas basadas en cemento Portland, geopolímeros y arcillas. Los tipos de aditivos incluyen: 1) aditivos superplastificantes y reductores de agua que influyen sobre la fluidez, límite elástico y resistencia mecánica, favoreciendo la bombeabilidad y capacidad de extrusión; 2) aditivos modificadores de la viscosidad y propiedades reológicas, que afectan el esfuerzo de fluencia estático y dinámico, la tixotropía, y contribuyen al aumento de la edificabilidad y calidad de la impresión; y 3) aditivos reguladores de fraguado y endurecimiento, que modifican el proceso de hidratación del cemento, teniendo una influencia directa sobre el tiempo abierto (open time) de las mezclas. El análisis de los resultados permitió identificar las propiedades reológicas críticas que deben ser optimizadas durante el diseño de la mezcla, como la viscosidad, la tixotropía y el tiempo de extrusión. Además, se destaca que, aunque los estudios sobre estos aditivos y sus efectos son abundantes, persisten limitaciones en la evaluación detallada de sus interacciones y su impacto a largo plazo en la durabilidad de las estructuras impresas. Se concluye la importancia de considerar estos factores al seleccionar los aditivos necesarios para mezclas de impresión 3D, especialmente cuando se usan materiales alternativos como geopolímeros y arcillas. La información reportada en esta revisión es fundamental para diseñadores, investigadores y productores interesados en utilizar la manufactura aditiva de materiales de construcción.es-ES
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.identifierhttps://revistas.itm.edu.co/index.php/tecnologicas/article/view/3337
dc.identifier10.22430/22565337.3337
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12622/7938
dc.languagespa
dc.publisherInstituto Tecnológico Metropolitano (ITM)es-ES
dc.relationhttps://revistas.itm.edu.co/index.php/tecnologicas/article/view/3337/3722
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dc.rightsDerechos de autor 2025 TecnoLógicases-ES
dc.rightshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0es-ES
dc.sourceTecnoLógicas; Vol. 28 No. 64 (2025); e3337en-US
dc.sourceTecnoLógicas; Vol. 28 Núm. 64 (2025); e3337es-ES
dc.source2256-5337
dc.source0123-7799
dc.subjectconstrucciónes-ES
dc.subjectmanufactura aditivaes-ES
dc.subjectmateriales alternativoses-ES
dc.subjectmodificadoreses-ES
dc.subjectpropiedades reológicases-ES
dc.subjectconstructionen-US
dc.subjectadditive manufacturingen-US
dc.subjectalternative materialsen-US
dc.subjectmodifiersen-US
dc.subjectrheological propertiesen-US
dc.titleEffect of Additives Used in 3D Printing of Portland Cement, Geopolymers and Clay Mixtures: A Reviewen-US
dc.titleEfecto de aditivos utilizados en impresión 3D de mezclas de cemento portland, geopolímeros y arcillas: una revisiónes-ES
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.typeReview Articleen-US
dc.typeArtículos de revisiónes-ES

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