Publicación:
Development of a system to improve resolution and accuracy in temperature measurement in thermal images through machine learning techniques and noise reduction

dc.contributor.advisorHerrera Ramírez, Jorge Alexis
dc.contributor.advisorBotero Valencia, Juan Sebastian
dc.contributor.authorOrtiz Santana, Paula Alejandra
dc.contributor.emailpaulaortiz282373@correo.itm.edu.co
dc.date.accessioned2026-05-27T17:30:50Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractLas cámaras térmicas se utilizan en aplicaciones industriales, médicas y científicas, gracias a su capacidad para registrar distribuciones espaciales de temperatura a partir de radiación infrarroja. Sin embargo, a pesar de su amplia aplicabilidad, estos sensores suelen tener un costo elevado y las referencias más económicas presentan limitaciones en cuanto a resolución espacial y precisión en las mediciones, lo que puede dificultar la detección de bordes y la identificación precisa de zonas de interés. En la literatura, los enfoques que han intentado mejorar estas limitaciones, utilizando técnicas como la interpolación, el filtrado o los modelos de aprendizaje automático, han mostrado avances. Sin embargo, muchos de estos métodos dependen de bases de datos no públicas o carecen de protocolos de adquisición, omitiendo las particularidades de los sensores, dejando un vacío en la confiabilidad práctica de los datos. Este documento propone que la combinación de adquisición multimodal controlada, técnicas de reducción de ruido y modelos de aprendizaje automático entrenados con datos propios puede mejorar tanto la resolución espacial como la precisión de las mediciones de temperatura. Para ello, se desarrolló un sistema que integra cámaras RGB y térmicas, un protocolo de adquisición en condiciones controladas y una base de datos etiquetada. Sobre esta base, se implementaron y evaluaron diferentes arquitecturas, como redes generativas adversarias, VAE y U-Net,evaluadas mediante métricas cuantitativas como PSNR y error medio de temperatura. Los resultados mostraron incrementos en el PSNR desde 17.43 dB hasta 20.45 dB en el modelo MR-CNN, y desde 18.93 dB hasta 28.13 dB en el modelo VAE. Adicionalmente, el error medio de temperatura se redujo de 1.380 °C a 0.781 °C, mientras que el error cuadrático medio (RMSE) disminuyó de 1.45 °C a 0.82 °C bajo condiciones controladas de adquisición, lo que confirma una mejora cuantitativa en la calidad estructural y en la precisión térmica de 4 las imágenes. Este trabajo se enmarca en el aprendizaje automático aplicado al procesamiento de imágenes dentro de sistemas multisensor de termografía infrarroja, con énfasis en la mejora de la resolución espacial bajo un protocolo de adquisición controladospa
dc.description.abstractThermal cameras are used in industrial, medical, and scientific applications due to their ability to record spatial temperature distributions from infrared radiation. However, despite their wide applicability, these sensors often have a high cost, and lower-cost alternatives present limitations in terms of spatial resolution and measurement accuracy, which may hinder edge detection and precise identification of regions of interest. In the literature, approaches that have attempted to overcome these limitations using techniques such as interpolation, filtering, or machine learning models have shown progress. However, many of these methods rely on non-public datasets or lack well-defined acquisition protocols, overlooking sensor-specific characteristics and leaving a gap in the practical reliability of the data. This document proposes that the combination of controlled multimodal acquisition, noise reduction techniques, and machine learning models trained on proprietary data can improve both spatial resolution and temperature measurement accuracy. To this end, a system integratingRGB and thermal cameras, a controlled acquisition protocol, and a labeled database was developed. Based on this framework, different architectures were implemented and evaluated, such as generative adversarial networks, VAE and U-Net, assessed using quantitative metrics such as PSNR and mean temperature error. The results showed increases in PSNR from 17.43 dB to 20.45 dB for the MR-CNN model, and from 18.93 dB to 28.13 dB for the VAE model. Additionally, the mean temperature error was reduced from 1.380 °C to 0.781 °C, while the root mean square error (RMSE) decreased from 1.45 °C to 0.82 °C under controlled acquisition conditions, confirming a quantitative improvement in both structural quality and thermal measurement accuracy. This work falls within the framework of machine learning applied to image processing in multisensor infrared thermography systems, with an emphasis on improving spatial resolution under a controlled acquisition protocol
dc.description.degreelevelMaestría
dc.description.degreenameMagíster en Automatización y Control Industrial
dc.description.researchareaIngenierías::Automática, Electrónica y Ciencias Computacionales::Visión Artificial y Fotónica
dc.description.researchareaIngenierías::Automática, Electrónica y Ciencias Computacionales::Sistemas de Control y Robótica
dc.description.tableofcontentsNomenclature 10 1 Introduction 11 1.1 Context and justification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.3 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.3.1 General Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.3.2 Specific Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.4 Thesis Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.5 Thesis Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.5.1 Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2 Fundamentals of Thermal Imaging, Complementary Sensors, and Hyperthermia 26 2.1 Fundamentals of Thermal Imaging and Complementary Sensors . . . . . . . . 26 2.1.1 Principles of Infrared Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.1.2 Blackbody Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1.3 Fundamental Laws of Blackbody Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.1.4 Emissivity and Reflected Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.1.5 Radiometric Measurement Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.1.6 Infrared Spectral Bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.2 Technical Limitations of Active Thermography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3 Optical and Thermal Imaging Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.3.1 Physical Basis and Operating Principles of Thermal Sensors . . . . . . 36 2.3.2 Infrared Sensors: Operating Principles and Technical Specifications . . 38 2.3.3 Imaging Sensors Employed in the Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.4 Fundamentals of Hyperthermia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.4.1 Physical Basis of Microwave-Tissue Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.4.2 Thermal Behavior of Biological Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.4.3 Hyperthermia in Melanoma Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3 Thermal and Electromagnetic Characterization of Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms 46 3.1 Phantom Design and Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.2 Chemical Characterization and Electromagnetic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.2.1 Chemical Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.2.2 Thermal analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.2.3 Optical Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.3 Experimental Setup and Reproducibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.4 Thermal Characterization under Microwave Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.5 THz Electromagnetic Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4 Construction and Labeling of the Database 64 4.1 Radiometric Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.1.1 Inter-Sensor Comparative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.2 Controlled Acquisition Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 4.2.1 Ethical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.3 Structure and Validation of the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5 Thermal Image Processing 93 5.1 Noise Reduction Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 5.2 Multimodal Registration and Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.2.1 Multimodal Fusion of Thermal and RGB Images . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 6 Integration of the Thermal Acquisition System with Closed–Loop Control 98 6.1 System Integration and Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 6.2 Closed–Loop Thermal Control Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.2.1 Control strategies and experimental methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 6.2.2 Results and comparative analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 7 Machine Learning Models for Thermal Super-Resolution 115 7.1 Implemented Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7.1.1 Multi-Resolution Convolutional Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 7.1.2 Multimodal Generative Adversarial Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 7.1.3 Progressive Variational Autoencoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 7.2 Training, Validation, and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 7.2.1 Multi-resolution convolutional neural network training . . . . . . . . . 120 7.2.2 Multimodal generative adversarial network training . . . . . . . . . . . 122 7.2.3 Progressive multimodal variational autoencoder training . . . . . . . . 125 7.3 Comparative Performance Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 8 Scientific Outputs and Derived Publications 131 9 Conclusions and Future Work 133 9.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 9.2 Recommendations and Future Research Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
dc.format.extent146 páginas
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.instnameinstname:Institución Universitaria ITMspa
dc.identifier.reponamereponame:Repositorio Institucional Institución Universitaria ITMspa
dc.identifier.repourlrepourl:https://repositorio.itm.edu.cospa
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12622/8157
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherInstitución Universitaria ITM
dc.publisher.branchCampus Fraternidad
dc.publisher.departmentDepartamento de Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones::Maestría en Automatización y Control Industrial
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Ingenierías
dc.publisher.grantorInstitución Universitaria ITM
dc.publisher.placeMedellín
dc.publisher.programMaestría en Automatización y Control Industrial
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.rights.creativecommonsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalspa
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC 4.0)
dc.rights.localAcceso abiertospa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/spa
dc.subject.lembCámaras térmicas
dc.subject.lembSistemas electrónicos de seguridad
dc.subject.lembSistemas de seguridad
dc.subject.ocde2. Ingeniería y Tecnología::2B. Ingenierías Eléctrica, Electrónica e Informática::2B03. Automatización y sistemas de control
dc.subject.odsODS 7: Energía asequible y no contaminante. Garantizar el acceso a una energía asequible, fiable, sostenible y moderna para todos
dc.subject.odsODS 8: Trabajo decente y crecimiento económico. Promover el crecimiento económico sostenido, inclusivo y sostenible, el empleo pleno y productivo y el trabajo decente para todos
dc.subject.odsODS 9: Industria, innovación e infraestructura. Construir infraestructuras resilientes, promover la industrialización inclusiva y sostenible y fomentar la innovación
dc.subject.odsODS 11: Ciudades y comunidades sostenibles. Lograr que las ciudades y los asentamientos humanos sean inclusivos, seguros, resilientes y sostenibles
dc.subject.odsODS 12: Producción y consumo responsables. Garantizar modalidades de consumo y producción sostenibles
dc.subject.proposalAprendizaje automático
dc.subject.proposalProcesamiento de imágenes
dc.subject.proposalSistemas multisensor
dc.subject.proposalTermografía infrarroja
dc.subject.proposalResolución espacial
dc.subject.proposalMachine learningeng
dc.subject.proposalImage processingeng
dc.subject.proposalMultisensor systemseng
dc.subject.proposalInfrared thermographyeng
dc.subject.proposalSpatial resolution
dc.titleDevelopment of a system to improve resolution and accuracy in temperature measurement in thermal images through machine learning techniques and noise reduction
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdccspa
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
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dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dspace.entity.typePublication

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