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<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="redalyc">6381</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title specific-use="original" xml:lang="es">Revista CEA</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2390-0725</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2422-3182</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>
<country>Colombia</country>
<email>revistacea@itm.edu.co</email>
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</publisher>
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<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id" specific-use="redalyc">638168190004</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.22430/24223182.1811</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artículo de investigación</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Determinantes de la lealtad en la relación entre la Liga Antioqueña de Tenis de Campo y sus clientes *</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Determinants of Loyalty in the Relationship Between Liga Antioqueña de Tenis de Campo and its Customers</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3921-6744</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Ávila-Rodríguez</surname>
<given-names>Oscar Eduardo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
<email>oscaravila274140@correo.itm.edu.co</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8553-5431</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Correa-Henao</surname>
<given-names>Silvana Janeth</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
<email>silvanacorreaitm@gmail.com</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8695-5219</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Henao-Colorado</surname>
<given-names>Laura Cristina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
<email>laurahenao@itm.edu.co</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3772-8698</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Monroy-Escudero</surname>
<given-names>Héctor Alonso</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
<email>wgiraldo@unillanos.edu.co</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4379-8169</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Brand-Ortiz</surname>
<given-names>Jorge Iván</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/>
<email>directorlat@une.net.co</email>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<institution content-type="original">Magíster en Gestión Organizacional, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín - Colombia</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano</institution>
<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<institution content-type="original">Magíster en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín - Colombia</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano</institution>
<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<institution content-type="original">Magíster en Administración, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín - Colombia</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano</institution>
<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<institution content-type="original">Magíster en Administración, Liga Antioqueña de Tenis de Campo, Medellín - Colombia</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Liga Antioqueña de Tenis de Campo</institution>
<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<institution content-type="original">PhD en Gestión de la Tecnología y la Innovación, Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano, Medellín - Colombia</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano</institution>
<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<season>Septiembre-Diciembre</season>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>7</volume>
<elocation-id>e1811</elocation-id>
<issue>15</issue>
<history>
<date date-type="received" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>06</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>03</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-year>2017</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano</copyright-holder>
<ali:free_to_read/>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">
<ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>Las organizaciones deportivas deben tomar decisiones acertadas en el ámbito del <italic>marketing</italic>, por lo que es necesario que dichas decisiones se basen en estudios que permitan identificar las características de las relaciones que mantienen con sus clientes, esto con el fin de que estas sean duraderas en el tiempo. En la literatura mundial se evidencian estudios que relacionan el entorno empresarial con el deportivo, pero pocos han estudiado este tipo de relación utilizando en su conjunto los constructos de satisfacción, valor percibido, confianza, compromiso y lealtad. Por lo tanto, este artículo pretende analizar los determinantes de la lealtad en la relación de la Liga Antioqueña de Tenis de Campo con sus clientes. La investigación se llevó a cabo a través de una metodología mixta que incluye dos fases: una fase exploratoria para comprender el problema de investigación y establecer las hipótesis, y otra descriptiva, de corte transversal simple, con análisis mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, bajo el enfoque de mínimos cuadrados parciales. El estudio arrojó una confirmación total de las hipótesis planteadas para el modelo, evidenciando los determinantes de la lealtad indicados por el marketing relacional en el contexto deportivo, específicamente en el de la Liga Antioqueña de Tenis de Campo y sus usuarios, encontrando que los determinantes directos de la lealtad, y que presentan un efecto positivo, son la satisfacción, la confianza y el compromiso.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>In order to have long-lasting relationships with their customers, sports organizations should make good marketing decisions based on studies that identify the characteristics of such relationships. In the literature, some studies have related the corporate environment to its sports counterpart, but few of them have investigated this kind of relationship using the set of constructs composed of satisfaction, perceived value, trust, commitment, and loyalty. Therefore, this paper analyzes the determinants of loyalty in the relationship between Liga Antioqueña de Tenis de Campo and its customers. This study adopted a mixed-methods approach divided into two stages: (1) exploration to understand the research problem and formulate the hypotheses and (2) description using a simple cross-sectional design with an analysis by Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results confirmed all the hypotheses proposed in the model, which included the determinants of loyalty suggested by relationship marketing in the sports context. This study found that, in the relationship between Liga Antioqueña de Tenis de Campo and its users, satisfaction, trust, and commitment are the direct determinants of loyalty and have a positive effect on it.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave</title>
<kwd>conocimiento del cliente</kwd>
<kwd>determinantes de lealtad</kwd>
<kwd>marketing relacional</kwd>
<kwd>organizaciones deportivas</kwd>
<kwd>ligas deportivas</kwd>
<kwd>
<bold>Clasificación JEL:</bold> C12, C39, C69, L31, L83, M31</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Customer knowledge</kwd>
<kwd>determinants of loyalty</kwd>
<kwd>relationship marketing</kwd>
<kwd>sports organizations</kwd>
<kwd>sports leagues</kwd>
<kwd>
<bold>JEL classification:</bold> C12, C39, C69, L31, L83, M31</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="2"/>
<table-count count="4"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="98"/>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>Cómo citar / How to cite</meta-name>
<meta-value>Ávila-Rodríguez, O. E., Correa-Henao, S. J., Henao-Colorado, L. C., Monroy-Escudero, H. A., Brand-Ortiz, J. I. (2021). Determinantes de la lealtad en la relación entre la Liga Antioqueña de Tenis de Campo y sus clientes. <italic>Revista CEA</italic>, v. 7, n. 15, e1811. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.22430/24223182.1811">https://doi.org/10.22430/24223182.1811</ext-link>
</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Highlights</bold>
</title>
<p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<p>Los determinantes directos de la lealtad de marca en el contexto deportivo son la confianza, el compromiso y la satisfacción de los clientes.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>El <italic>marketing</italic> relacional es una estrategia fundamental que ayuda a construir relaciones a largo plazo con el cliente.</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<p>El rol de los trabajadores es importante para construir relaciones rentables con los clientes.</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>1. INTRODUCCIÓN</bold>
</title>
<p>El <italic>marketing</italic> ha tenido una evolución, pasando de tener un enfoque en transacciones, a basarse en generar relaciones de largo plazo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref132">Vivek et al., 2009</xref>), donde la prioridad es conocer mejor a los clientes y entender cuál es la base de su valor como medio de diferenciación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref58">Grönroos, 1997</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref8">Ardley et al., 2020</xref>). Dado lo anterior, varias investigaciones demuestran que para cultivar dichas relaciones y hacerlas perdurables en el tiempo, las empresas - de cualquier sector - deben entender y acercarse más a los clientes desde lo que estos perciben, quieren y sienten.</p>
<p>En Colombia, dentro del sector deportivo se tienen diferentes actores, tanto públicos como privados, que en el ámbito nacional, departamental y local forman todo el sistema nacional del deporte. En este caso, la entidad seleccionada es una organización deportiva sin ánimo de lucro (ODSL), las cuales son altamente dependientes de sus grupos de interés, quienes tienen intereses económicos y requieren de resultados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref73">Ivašković, 2019</xref>), tienden a ser pequeñas y, a menudo, tienen niveles variables de capacidad de recursos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref23">Brownlee et al., 2005</xref>), siendo necesario que promuevan actividades socialmente útiles para la comunidad en materia deportiva.</p>
<p>En el caso específico de la Liga Antioqueña de Tenis (LAT), fundada en 1938 como institución privada sin ánimo de lucro, se tiene que su principal finalidad es la difusión y promoción del deporte a través de diversos programas, y su compromiso con los usuarios es prepararlos para ganar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref83">LAT, 2019</xref>). Sin embargo, para la LAT competir año tras año con entidades que ofrecen servicios gratuitos de tenis ha implicado un reto, dada la disminución de sus usuarios. En la disciplina del tenis de campo, si bien cuenta con clubes adscritos, el gran peso que tienen los usuarios de competencias, práctica libre y formación (usuarios naturales), es considerable. Para 2017 contaban con 970 usuarios, los cuales han ido disminuyendo, contando actualmente con aproximadamente 600 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref83">LAT, 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Además, la estructura de la LAT está definida desde los miembros que se asocian o afilian a ellas, y su objetivo es atraer más personas y socios con el tiempo para poder sostenerse y crecer (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref137">Winand et al., 2013</xref>), siendo, por tanto, esencial para ellos, indagar sobre la calidad que perciben sus miembros de los servicios que se están ofreciendo alrededor del tenis y cómo fidelizarlos para que no elijan los mismos servicios con otras entidades. De acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref137">Winand et al. (2013)</xref>, en las ODSL, el número creciente de proveedores de deportes comerciales son importantes para implementar nuevos servicios que retengan y sean atractivos para los miembros en su trabajo, necesitando, por tanto, adquirir nuevos recursos.</p>
<p>El artículo está distribuido por secciones. En primer lugar, se presenta el desarrollo, constituido por los elementos teóricos y el modelo de hipótesis; luego se encontrará la metodología llevada a cabo; posteriormente se hallan los resultados de la investigación, seguidos de la discusión y análisis; finalmente, se ubican las conclusiones.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>2. MARCO TEÓRICO</bold>
</title>
<p>El <italic>marketing</italic> ha tenido una evolución desde un enfoque basado en producir y lograr transacciones económicas con los clientes hasta una gestión desde el servicio, implicando que hoy en día se hable de <italic>marketing</italic> relacional, o basado en las relaciones con los clientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref141">Zeithaml et al., 2009</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref95">Nuryakin y Ardyan, 2018</xref>). El <italic>marketing</italic> relacional es definido como el proceso de identificar, establecer, mantener, mejorar, y cuando sea necesario, terminar las relaciones con los clientes y otros stakeholders de forma rentable, de tal manera que se cumplan los objetivos de las partes interesadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref58">Grönroos, 1997</xref>). Es así como se convierte a los clientes en el centro de cualquier estrategia que se quiera implementar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref86">Mogaji et al., 2021</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref16">Bilovodska, 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>Para las empresas es importante retener a sus clientes en el largo plazo, siendo una necesidad inminente lograr construir relaciones duraderas donde se involucran factores como la confianza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref3">Akbar y Parvez, 2009</xref>) y el compromiso para despertar ese deseo de involucramiento con la organización (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref25">Chaudhuri y Holbrook, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref24">Čater y Čater, 2010</xref>). Además, y yendo más allá, aparece el <italic>engagement</italic> como la intensidad de la participación de un individuo y su conexión con las ofertas de una organización y su involucramiento con las actividades que ésta realiza, logrado desde una buena experiencia de servicio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref22">Brodie et al., 2011</xref>), siendo este factor, por tanto, fundamental como antecedente de la lealtad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref140">Zainudin et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>Asimismo, en el marco del <italic>marketing</italic> relacional, todos los factores anteriores son considerados antecedentes de la lealtad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref85">Melnyk et al., 2009</xref>). Para el sector deportivo esto no es ajeno, dado que sus usuarios se caracterizan por tener elevados niveles de exigencia para lograr satisfacer sus necesidades en cuanto a resultados deportivos en el corto plazo; es decir, cada vez los socios son mucho más exigentes y tienen menos paciencia en satisfacer sus expectativas, y es por esto que las entidades deportivas están obligadas a llevar un seguimiento continuado de su calidad en los servicios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref143">Nogales González, 2006</xref>).</p>
<p>Es por ello que se recomienda a los gerentes deportivos que se preocupen no solo por identificar lo que satisface a los consumidores para ganar su lealtad, sino también el punto de partida en el camino hacia la satisfacción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref109">Pedragosa y Correia, 2009</xref>), como lo es el valor percibido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref34">Clemes et al., 2011). </xref>Sumado a esto, se ha comprobado también la relación existente de los factores ya mencionados con la confianza, porque se considera factor relevante para la gestión deportiva, al orientar los ajustes en dimensiones específicas en pro de mejorar la calidad del servicio, conducir a la satisfacción y por tanto a una preferencia por el servicio en el largo plazo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref123">Schijns et al., 2016</xref>).</p>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Calidad de la relación</bold>
</title>
<p>
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref103">Paek et al. (2020)</xref> definen la calidad de la relación en la industria deportiva como una evaluación general de fuerzas, siendo un constructo multidimensional que se caracteriza por elementos distintivos como la confianza y el compromiso, entre otros, los cuales, a su vez, han sido reconocidos como importantes para la calidad de las conexiones entre los usuarios y las organizaciones deportivas. Partiendo de esta definición, y bajo lo establecido por estos autores, se tiene que la confianza es la creencia de que alguien (otro individuo, empleados, empleadores, vendedores, otros clientes) actuará de manera transparente por un tercero. Asimismo, el compromiso es definido como la idea que tienen las personas de mantener una relación con un proveedor de servicios, mientras que al constructo se considera como la fuerza que capta la relación con un proveedor, el cual refleja el grado en que los clientes desean preservar esa relación más allá de transacciones funcionales, pudiendo estimular acciones cooperativas por parte de los clientes. Así, la calidad de la relación incluye la evaluación general que se tiene de una organización, donde se involucran constructos como la confianza y el compromiso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref57">Gremler et al., 2020</xref>), y factores adicionales importantes como la satisfacción y la lealtad. La satisfacción, según la teoría de la desconfirmación, es el grado en que el rendimiento de un servicio excede, iguala o alcanza las expectativas de un individuo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref71">Hyun, y Jordan, 2020</xref>), y se define como los sentimientos positivos luego del uso de un servicio. En el contexto del deporte, la satisfacción del espectador refleja una respuesta placentera respecto a servicios deportivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref113">Phonthanukitithaworn y Sellitto, 2018</xref>). Por último, la lealtad es una variable resultado de la primaria experiencia del cliente, y se define como la actitud o comportamiento de mantener una relación en el largo plazo con una organización (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref111">Pekovic y Rolland, 2020</xref>), incluyendo así, el deseo de permanecer en una relación y considerar a la organización como la primera en preferencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref57">Gremler et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Satisfacción</bold>
</title>
<p>La satisfacción del cliente se define como los sentimientos de placer o decepción de una persona que resultan de comparar el desempeño o resultado percibido de un servicio con sus expectativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref79">Kotler y Keller, 2009</xref>). De igual forma, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref18">Birim et al. (2016)</xref> consideran que la satisfacción es uno de los principales constructos de interés en la investigación académica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref30">Churchill y Surprenant (1982)</xref> definieron la satisfacción como un resultado importante de la actividad de marketing que sirve para vincular los procesos que culminan en la compra y el consumo con fenómenos posteriores a esa adquisición, como el cambio de actitud, la compra repetida y la lealtad a la marca. Si está satisfecho con un producto o servicio, un cliente puede comprar nuevamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref18">Birim et al., 2016</xref>). Por el contrario, si un cliente no está satisfecho, la probabilidad de recompra es menor (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref84">Matsuoka et al., 2003</xref>).</p>
<p>La satisfacción de los usuarios, generalmente, se basa en la noción de que una empresa debe satisfacer a sus clientes para ser sostenible y rentable (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref46">Farooq y Radovic-Markovic, 2016</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref75">Izogo y Ogba, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref119">Radovic-Markovic et al., 2017</xref>). Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref47">Farooq et al. (2018)</xref>, la satisfacción del cliente se define como sentimientos positivos posteriores al consumo. En lugar de explorar los resultados cognitivos, la satisfacción del cliente se considera una medida efectiva de la utilidad de un producto o servicio utilizado por los clientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref15">Berezina et al., 2012</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Compromiso</bold>
</title>
<p>El compromiso del consumidor se considera un componente fundamental que juega un papel clave en la gestión de la comunicación con el cliente en las relaciones de <italic>marketing</italic> a largo plazo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref51">Fullerton, 2003</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref60">Gustafsson et al., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref63">Hess y Story, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref69">Hunt et al., 2006</xref>).</p>
<p>El compromiso refleja una postura de continuidad de la relación entre socios de intercambio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref45">Dwyer et al., 1987</xref>). Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref88">Moorman et al. (1992)</xref> lo describen como el deseo de un cliente de mantener una relación valorada a fin de garantizar los máximos esfuerzos para sostenerla. Por lo tanto, el compromiso implica la voluntad del cliente de hacer sacrificios para lograr ganancias a largo plazo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref78">Khodabandeh y Lindh, 2020</xref>), y revela el apego del individuo a la marca, lo cual lo vuelve más indulgente en caso de problemas relacionados con el producto (por ejemplo, falla) y menos sensible a las actividades de <italic>marketing</italic> de la competencia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref63">Hess y Story, 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref127">Story y Hess, 2010</xref>).</p>
<p>El compromiso es una de las variables más importantes en la creación de relaciones a largo plazo dentro de un mercado. Esto se debe a que los clientes sienten que tienen un vínculo fuerte con la empresa, y este sentimiento juega un papel importante en el mantenimiento de las relaciones con los clientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref118">Quero y Ventura, 2015</xref>). Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref138">Wu y Ko (2013)</xref>, el compromiso con una marca o producto favorable se forma cuando la intención de compra del consumidor es positiva, lo que lleva a una compra real.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Confianza</bold>
</title>
<p>De acuerdo con<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref24"> Čater y Čater (2010)</xref>, la confianza se considera como una creencia de que en una relación algún actor procederá en el mejor interés del otro y tendrá la disposición de confiar en la integridad y la capacidad de éste <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref54">Garbarino y Johnson, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref104">Palmatier et al., 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref112">Peña García, 2104</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref131">Taylor y Hunter, 2003</xref>).</p>
<p>Por otra parte, la confianza se considera como la expectativa que tiene el cliente de que el proveedor de servicios cumplirá sus promesas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref125">Sirdeshmukh et al., 2002</xref>), siendo relevante en momentos de incertidumbre (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref25">Chaudhuri y Holbrook, 2001</xref>), porque reduce la ansiedad y el riesgo, aumenta la fe en el proveedor y da conocimiento sobre qué esperar (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref28">Chiou y Droge, 2006</xref>). De igual forma, se estima a la confianza como uno de los antecedentes más relevantes de las relaciones estables y de colaboración que ofrece a los clientes una garantía de resultados positivos para el presente y el futuro» (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref3">Akbar y Parvez, 2009</xref>).</p>
<p>La investigación académica ha acordado definir la confianza en torno a la idea de dependencia de la integridad, capacidad o carácter de una persona o cosa; es decir, el deseo de confiar en la integridad de un tercero con quien se ha establecido o se va a establecer un intercambio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref78">Khodabandeh y Lindh, 2020</xref>) o, en la práctica, con la creencia de una persona en la promesa de otro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref78">Khodabandeh y Lindh, 2020</xref>).</p>
<p>Si existe confianza, los individuos no son propensos a creer que los vendedores se comportarán de manera oportunista (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref56">Gefen et al., 2003</xref>), y esto refuerza, a su vez, el paradigma relacional que alimenta el ciclo de <italic>marketing</italic> que sustenta buena parte de la investigación académica en este campo en años recientes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Lealtad</bold>
</title>
<p>La lealtad del cliente es probablemente una de las mejores medidas de éxito en cualquier organización (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref97">Nyadzayo y Khajehzadeh, 2016</xref>). El desarrollo, el mantenimiento y la mejora de la lealtad de los usuarios siguen siendo un foco central de la mayoría de las actividades de marketing de las empresas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref40">Dick y Basu, 1994</xref>). De igual forma, la lealtad del cliente generalmente se interpreta en términos de comportamiento de compra (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref108">Payne y Frow, 2013</xref>) y se conoce principalmente como comportamientos -futuros- o intenciones de comportamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref11">Avourdiadou y Theodorakis, 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref65">Howat y Assaker, 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref92">Murray y Howat, 2002</xref>).</p>
<p>Aumentar el número de usuarios leales y mantenerlos con una organización es fundamental para el éxito a largo plazo de la empresa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref129">TaghiPourian y Bakhsh, 2015</xref>). Un cliente altamente leal compra repetidamente un producto/servicio y posee un sentido positivo de lealtad actitudinal hacia la marca (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref62">Han y Hyun, 2018</xref>). Dado esto, generar y mantener la lealtad del usuario ha sido un tema importante entre los profesionales de la industria del <italic>marketing</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref20">Bowen y Chen McCain, 2015</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref29">Chua et al., 2015</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Modelo de Hipótesis</bold>
</title>
<p>Los constructos identificados como determinantes de la lealtad para este trabajo fueron validados mediante un modelo de hipótesis construido con base en la interacción que tienen estos dentro de la lógica del marketing relacional. El modelo se representa en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf1">
<label>
<bold>Figura 1. Modelo de hipótesis para la relación LAT y usuarios</bold>
</label>
<caption>
<title>Figure 1. Hypothesis model of the relationship between the LAT and its users</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 1. Modelo de hipótesis para la relación LAT y usuarios Figure 1. Hypothesis model of the relationship between the LAT and its users</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="638168190004_gf2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia.</attrib>
</fig>
</p>
<p>En la literatura se encontró que diversos autores toman la satisfacción como constructo influenciador de la confianza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref54">Garbarino y Johnson, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref101">Oliver, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref106">Parasuraman et al., 1985</xref>), ya que una acumulación de satisfacción en la experiencia del servicio permite que el cliente genere confianza en la relación. En el contexto deportivo, también se confirma la relación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref48">Filo et al., 2008</xref>).</p>
<p>
<italic> H1: la satisfacción de los usuarios de la LAT influye positiva y directamente en la confianza de dichos usuarios. </italic>
</p>
<p>La confianza es considerada un constructo importante para la generación de relaciones de largo plazo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref76">Jau-Chuan et al., 2011</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref91">Morgan y Hunt (1994)</xref> consideran la confianza y el compromiso como elementos esenciales de la construcción de las relaciones. Asimismo, se ha abordado la confianza como influenciador del compromiso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref91">Morgan y Hunt, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref88">Moorman et al., 1992</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref1">Achrol, 1991</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref67">Hrebiniak, 1974</xref>).</p>
<p>De igual forma, se ha encontrado que la confianza se considera antecedente de la lealtad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref91">Morgan y Hunt, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref88">Moorman et al., 1993</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref104">Palmatier et al., 2012</xref>) y en el contexto del deporte también se refleja relevancia entre la relación de estos dos tópicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref5">Alhaddad 2015</xref>). Sin embargo, en la literatura del deporte la confianza es importante para generar lealtad, pero no es indispensable por sí sola (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref48">Filo et al., 2008</xref>), por lo que se encuentran estudios como el de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref124">Seyed Javadein et al. (2008)</xref>, donde genera efectos indirectos a través del compromiso.</p>
<p>
<italic> H2: la confianza de los usuarios de la LAT influye positiva y directamente en el compromiso de dichos usuarios. </italic>
</p>
<p>
<italic> H3: la confianza de los usuarios de la LAT influye positiva y directamente en la lealtad de dichos usuarios. </italic>
</p>
<p>El compromiso en la literatura ha sido identificado como influenciador de la lealtad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref54">Garbarino y Johnson, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref91">Morgan y Hunt, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref88">Moorman et al., 1992</xref>), ya que ante un alto grado de compromiso en la relación es muy factible que se genere la lealtad.</p>
<p>
<italic> H4: el compromiso de los usuarios de la LAT influye positiva y directamente en la lealtad de dichos usuarios.</italic>
</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>3. METODOLOGÍA</bold>
</title>
<p>La investigación se realizó a través de una metodología mixta, teniendo un componente exploratorio y uno descriptivo para el análisis de los determinantes de los antecedentes de la lealtad en la relación que tiene la LAT con sus clientes.</p>
<p>En primer lugar, se realizó una fase exploratoria donde por medio de consulta en fuentes secundarias, se construyó el estado del arte necesario para la comprensión del problema de investigación y el planteamiento de las hipótesis para el modelo relacional. Se evidenciaron investigaciones a nivel mundial, latinoamericano y nacional sobre los constructos satisfacción, confianza, compromiso y lealtad.</p>
<p>En segundo lugar, se realizó una fase descriptiva de corte transversal simple, donde se aplicó una encuesta autoadministrada a los usuarios afiliados a la LAT, construida con escalas estructuradas y validadas en la literatura, las cuales fueron traducidas y adaptadas al contexto estudiado (deportes) para garantizar el entendimiento de las mismas.</p>
<p>En este punto, la estrategia de implementación de dicha encuesta consistió en asistir a las instalaciones de la LAT para aplicar la prueba de manera presencial con los diferentes usuarios deportivos de la organización. Una vez transcurrió un tiempo considerable de aplicación de encuestas en esta sede, se procedió a asistir a uno de los eventos deportivos programados en el calendario de la LAT para recolectar más información que permitiera fortalecer el número total de muestras para el estudio. De igual forma, se procedió con el envío de las encuestas de forma virtual a través de un formulario que fue respondido por los diferentes clientes de la organización.</p>
<p>Una vez finalizada la etapa anterior, se procedió a tabular y registrar en Excel los datos adquiridos, descartando las encuestas que tuvieran errores (doble marcación, tachones, enmendaduras, respuestas incompletas, entre otros), obteniendo el total del tamaño de muestreo: 174 encuestas con un nivel de confianza del 97 % y un error muestral del 5 %. Este archivo fue incorporado en el programa SmartPLS, y a partir de su ingreso, se procedió con la etapa del tratamiento de datos.</p>
<p>No obstante, dada la dificultad para contar con el tiempo de los usuarios de la LAT, el muestreo fue no probabilístico a conveniencia y juicio de los investigadores, bajo el criterio de lugar de entrenamiento, clases y competencias (sede Tenis de Campo – Estadio y Clubes Sociales donde se lleven a cabo los torneos y competencias); además, se requirió que sus usuarios tuvieran relación con la LAT y accedieran a los servicios de competencia, formación y práctica libre. En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt5">Tabla 1</xref> se relaciona la ficha técnica del estudio.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt5">
<label>Tabla 1. Ficha técnica del estudio</label>
<caption>
<title>Table 1. Technical specifications of the survey</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 1. Ficha técnica del estudio Table 1. Technical specifications of the survey</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="638168190004_gt2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;  " id="gt2-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">
<bold>Unidad muestral</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">
<bold>Clientes de competencia, formación y práctica libre</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">Ámbito de estudio</td>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">Liga Antioqueña de Tenis de Campo</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">Método de recogida de información</td>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">Encuesta física y virtual</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">Procedimiento de muestreo</td>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">No probabilístico a conveniencia y juicio de los investigadores</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">Tamaño muestral</td>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">n=174</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">Nivel de confianza</td>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">97 %</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">Error muestral</td>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">5 %</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">Fecha del trabajo de campo</td>
<td style="width:216.1pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">Junio a agosto de 2019</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia.</attrib>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>De acuerdo con la Tabla 1, a pesar de ser una muestra no probabilística, se considera representativa dado que garantiza las características que se quieren observar en la población, quedando expresadas apropiadamente en la muestra (usuarios de los tres servicios ofrecidos por la Liga). Igualmente, los datos obtenidos por los 174 usuarios de la LAT se repartieron de la siguiente forma: i) formación deportiva (47 %); ii) práctica (18 %); y iii) torneos y competencias (33 %). Los anteriores porcentajes están dados de acuerdo con el total de usuarios con los que cuenta la LAT en sus diferentes servicios (590 usuarios).</p>
<p>El instrumento se compone de 32 ítems: 9 ítems para medir el constructo satisfacción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref99">Oliver, 1980</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref136">Westbrook y Oliver, 1981</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref134">Voss et al., 1998</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref39">De Wulf, et al., 2001</xref>); 7 para medir el factor confianza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref6">Anderson y Weitz, 1992</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref52">Ganesan, 1994</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref80">Kumar et al., 1995</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref25">Chaudhuri y Holbrook, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref82">Lashley y Morrison, 2003</xref>); 8 para medir el compromiso (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref6">Anderson y Weitz, 1992</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref114">Price y Arnould, 1999</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref130">Tax et al., 1998</xref>); y por último, 8 variables de medida para el constructo lealtad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref141">Zeithaml et al., 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref13">Bell et al., 2005</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref9">Auh et al., 2007</xref>). Las variables fueron adaptadas al contexto deportivo y se midieron utilizando la escala de Likert de cinco puntos que varió entre 1=muy en desacuerdo y 5=muy de acuerdo.</p>
<p>Finalmente, los datos obtenidos fueron analizados mediante el método de modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, bajo el enfoque mínimos cuadrados parciales PLS-SEM) de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref120">Ringle et al. (2015)</xref> para comprobar las hipótesis planteadas para el modelo relacional y así analizar los determinantes de la lealtad por parte de los usuarios de la LAT.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>4. RESULTADOS</bold>
</title>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Fiabilidad y Validez</bold>
</title>
<p>En primera instancia, se hace énfasis en el instrumento de medida para constructos reflexivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref61">Hair et al., 2017</xref>). En esa medida se presentan valores aceptables del alfa de Cronbach -CA- y fiabilidad compuesta -CR- para todos los constructos reflexivos, lo que demuestra la consistencia interna y la confiabilidad del instrumento aplicado en el estudio, así como se expone en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt6">Tabla 2</xref>. Adicionalmente, los valores de la varianza media extraída (AVE, por sus siglas en inglés) de los constructos reflexivos son mayores que 0.5, y todos los tamaños de carga, además de significativos, han sido mayores de 0.6. Estos valores proporcionan evidencia de cumplimiento de la validez convergente; es decir, los elementos han medido los constructos respectivos con firmeza, evidenciándolo en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt6">Tabla 2</xref>.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt6">
<label>Tabla 2. Validez convergente y fiabilidad</label>
<caption>
<title>Table 2. Convergent validity and reliability</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 2. Validez convergente y fiabilidad Table 2. Convergent validity and reliability</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="638168190004_gt3.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="width:346.65pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;" id="gt3-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:18.5pt">
<td style="width:69.7pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:18.5pt">
<bold>Dimensión</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:45.9pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:18.5pt">
<bold>Ítems</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:18.5pt">
<bold>Cargas</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:18.5pt">
<bold>CA</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:18.5pt">
<bold>CR</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:63.05pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:18.5pt">
<bold>AVE</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:69.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="5">Confianza</td>
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">C1</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.930***<sup/>
</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="5">0.971</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="5">0.977</td>
<td style="width:63.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="5">0.895</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">C2</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.927***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">C3</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.952***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">C4</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.965***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">C5</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.956***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:69.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="8">Compromiso</td>
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">CM1</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.840***</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="8">0.965</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="8">0.971</td>
<td style="width:63.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="8">0.805</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">CM2</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.897***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">CM3</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.880***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">CM4</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.939***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">CM5</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.904***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">CM6</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.925***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">CM7</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.880***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">CM8</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.911***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:69.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="4">Lealtad</td>
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">L1</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.924***</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="4">0.955</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="4">0.968</td>
<td style="width:63.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="4">0.882</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">L2</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.963***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">L3</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.949***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">L4</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.920***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:69.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="9">Satisfacción</td>
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">S1</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.934***</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="9">0.981</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="9">0.984</td>
<td style="width:63.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:   0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt" rowspan="9">0.870</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">S2</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.937***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">S3</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.943***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">S4</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.915***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">S5</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.935***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">S6</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.924***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">S7</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.916***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">S8</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.943***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:45.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">S9</td>
<td style="width:56.0pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.945***</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia a partir de cálculos arrojados en software SmartPLS 3.0.</attrib>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn6" fn-type="other">
<p>P&lt;0.001***</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>Para este caso se comprueba la consistencia interna del modelo, teniendo en cuenta un CA mayor a 0.7 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref94">Nunnally y Bernstein, 1994</xref>), una CR mayor a 0.7 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref50">Fornell y Larcker, 1981</xref>) y una validez convergente con una AVE mayor a 0.5 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref50">Fornell y Larcker, 1981</xref>) cargas mayores a 0.6 y significativas con p&lt;0001 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref12">Bagozzi y Yi, 1988</xref>).</p>
<p>En segundo lugar, se realizó una comprobación de la validez discriminante del modelo, descrita en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt6">Tabla 2</xref>. Para esta medida, determinada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref50">Fornell y Larcker (1981)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref61">Hair et al. (2017)</xref> sugieren proceder con el análisis de los valores diagonales como las raíces cuadradas de AVE y luego revisar si estas variaciones han sido mayores que la correlación cuadrática más alta de las construcciones presentadas debajo de la diagonal, demostrando así la validez discriminante. Se cumple el criterio para cada uno de los constructos (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt7">Tabla 3</xref>).</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt7">
<label>Tabla 3. Validez discriminante del modelo</label>
<caption>
<title>Table 3. Discriminant validity of the model</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 3. Validez discriminante del modelo Table 3. Discriminant validity of the model</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="638168190004_gt4.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="width:281.85pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;" id="gt4-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:16.45pt">
<td style="width:69.7pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:16.45pt"/>
<td style="width:50.7pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:16.45pt">
<bold>CF</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:53.15pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:16.45pt">
<bold>CM</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:54.15pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:16.45pt">
<bold>LT</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:54.15pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:16.45pt">
<bold>ST</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:69.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">Confianza</td>
<td style="width:50.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.946</td>
<td style="width:53.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt"/>
<td style="width:54.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt"/>
<td style="width:54.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:69.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">Compromiso</td>
<td style="width:50.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.835</td>
<td style="width:53.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.897</td>
<td style="width:54.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt"/>
<td style="width:54.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:69.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">Lealtad</td>
<td style="width:50.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.810</td>
<td style="width:53.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.897</td>
<td style="width:54.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.939</td>
<td style="width:54.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:69.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">Satisfacción</td>
<td style="width:50.7pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.858</td>
<td style="width:53.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.847</td>
<td style="width:54.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.829</td>
<td style="width:54.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.933</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia a partir de cálculos arrojados en software SmartPLS 3.0.</attrib>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>Se evidencia que el modelo presenta una validez discriminante, teniendo en cuenta que el cuadrado de AVE, mostrada en la diagonal de la matriz, presenta valores mayores a 0.7 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref27">Chin, 1998</xref>).</p>
<p>En tercer lugar, se realizó la evaluación de la capacidad predictiva del modelo, teniendo en cuenta el R<sup>2</sup>, el cual indica el porcentaje de variación de la variable de respuesta que explica su relación con una o más variables predictoras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref4">Aldás, 2017</xref>). Los resultados calculados por el software SmartPLS 3.0 evidencian que los constructos confianza (R<sup>2</sup>=0.736), compromiso (R<sup>2</sup>=0.698) y lealtad (R<sup>2</sup>=0.817), son indicadores relevantes, según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref61">Hair et al. (2014)</xref>.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>Análisis confirmatorio</bold>
</title>
<p>Se llevaron a cabo las pruebas de hipótesis calculadas por medio del <italic>bootstrapping</italic> para obtener los coeficientes de las trayectorias y sus valores t mostrando como resultado que las cuatro hipótesis planteadas fueron significativas. Es así que se confirman las relaciones positivas y directas de: satisfacción-confianza H1 (t=8.858; p.value &lt;0.001), confianza-compromiso H2 (t=0.835; p.value &lt;0.001), confianza-lealtad H3 (t=0.200; p.value &lt;0.01) y compromiso-lealtad H4 (t=0.730; p.value &lt;0.001). En esa medida se realiza el contraste de hipótesis, evidenciando su confirmación en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt8">Tabla 4</xref>.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt8">
<label>Tabla 4. Contraste de hipótesis</label>
<caption>
<title>Table 4. Hypothesis testing</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 4. Contraste de hipótesis Table 4. Hypothesis testing</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="638168190004_gt5.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="width:417.2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;" id="gt5-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:100.6pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt">
<bold>Hipótesis</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:128.05pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt">
<bold>Descripción</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:64.55pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt">
<bold>Coeficiente de trayectoria</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:45.05pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt">
<bold>Valor <italic>t</italic>
</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:78.95pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;height:1.0pt">
<bold>Significancia</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:100.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">H1</td>
<td style="width:128.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">Satisfacción-&gt; Confianza</td>
<td style="width:64.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.858</td>
<td style="width:45.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">34107</td>
<td style="width:78.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:100.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">H2</td>
<td style="width:128.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">Confianza-&gt; Compromiso</td>
<td style="width:64.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.835</td>
<td style="width:45.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">26392</td>
<td style="width:78.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">***</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:100.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">H3</td>
<td style="width:128.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">Confianza-&gt; Lealtad</td>
<td style="width:64.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.200</td>
<td style="width:45.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">2.708</td>
<td style="width:78.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">**</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="width:100.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">H4</td>
<td style="width:128.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">Compromiso -&gt; Lealtad</td>
<td style="width:64.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">0.730</td>
<td style="width:45.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">9.818</td>
<td style="width:78.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 3.5pt 0cm 3.5pt;   height:1.0pt">***</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia.</attrib>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn-group>
<fn id="fn8" fn-type="other">
<p>P&lt;0.001***; p&lt;0.01**</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>Se puede observar que las cuatro hipótesis fueron confirmadas, teniendo en cuenta el nivel de significancia presentado por los coeficientes de trayectoria. En la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf2">Figura 2</xref> se muestran los resultados de manera gráfica.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf2">
<label>
<bold>Figura 2. Resultados del modelo estructural</bold>
</label>
<caption>
<title>Figure 2. Results of the structural model</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 2. Resultados del modelo estructural Figure 2. Results of the structural model</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="638168190004_gf3.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia a partir de resultados del software SmartPLS.</attrib>
</fig>
</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>5. DISCUSIÓN</bold>
</title>
<p>Los resultados del modelo arrojan una confirmación total de las hipótesis planteadas para el modelo, evidenciando como los determinantes de la lealtad, indicados por el marketing relacional, lo son en el contexto deportivo, específicamente en el caso de la Liga Antioqueña de Tenis de Campo y sus usuarios.</p>
<p>La hipótesis 1 plantea que existe una relación directa y positiva entre la satisfacción de los usuarios de la LAT y su confianza. En términos generales se ha evidenciado que existe una satisfacción por parte de los usuarios, lo que permite desarrollar sentimientos de confianza hacia la LAT. Esta hipótesis es confirmada (H1: β=0.858; p=0.000), por lo que se concluye que la satisfacción tiene un efecto positivo y significativo sobre la confianza en la LAT, coincidiendo con el trabajo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref124">Seyed Javadein et al. (2008)</xref>.</p>
<p>La hipótesis 2 establece que existe una relación directa y positiva entre la confianza de los usuarios de la LAT y su compromiso. En la literatura se muestra que la confianza es esencial para generar compromiso. Esta hipótesis es confirmada (H2: β=0.835; p=0.000), por lo que se concluye que la confianza tiene un efecto positivo y significativo sobre el compromiso en la LAT, en línea con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref32">Clark y Maher (2007)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref124">Seyed Javadein et al. (2008)</xref>.</p>
<p>La hipótesis 3 muestra que existe una relación directa y positiva entre la confianza de los usuarios de la LAT y su lealtad. En la literatura se evidencia que la confianza tiene un efecto sobre la generación de lealtad y las relaciones de largo plazo. Esta hipótesis es confirmada (H3: β=0.200; p=0.007), por lo que se concluye que la confianza tiene un efecto positivo y significativo sobre la lealtad en la LAT, de acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref48">Filo et al. (2008)</xref>.</p>
<p>La hipótesis 4 indica que existe una relación directa y positiva entre el compromiso de los usuarios de la LAT y su lealtad. En la literatura se encuentra que el compromiso es un paso importante para propiciar la lealtad y el establecimiento de relaciones de largo plazo. Esta hipótesis es confirmada (H4: β=0.730; p=0.000), por lo que se concluye que el compromiso tiene un efecto positivo y significativo sobre la lealtad en la LAT, de acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref89">Moreira y Silva (2015)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref124">Seyed Javadein et al. (2008)</xref>.</p>
<p>Con base en lo anterior, se puede decir que los determinantes directos de la lealtad, y que presentan un efecto positivo, son la confianza y el compromiso, siendo la confianza antecedida por la satisfacción, que es la base para la generación de la misma en el contexto de la relación entre la LAT y sus clientes.</p>
<p>En esa medida, esta investigación permite evidenciar los conceptos primordiales propuestos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref36">Crosby et al. (1990)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref88">Moorman et al. (1993)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref91">Morgan y Hunt (1994)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref42">Doney y Cannon (1997)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref44">Dorsch et al. (1998</xref>); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref116">Priluck Grossman (1998)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref38">Crotts y Turner (1999)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref114">Price y Arnould (1999)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref53">Ganesh et al. (2000)</xref>, quienes aseveran que existe un elevado número de investigaciones dentro de la literatura del marketing relacional en torno al concepto de confianza como elemento primordial para mantener relaciones satisfactorias.</p>
<p>De igual forma, autores como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref106">Parasuraman et al. (1985)</xref> sugieren que los clientes deberían ser capaces de confiar en los proveedores del servicio, sentirse seguros en el trato que mantienen con ellos, así como tener la certeza de que la información que les transmiten tendrá un carácter confidencial. En esa medida, para el caso específico de la Liga Antioqueña de Tenis de Campo, todas estas consideraciones son cruciales a la hora de obtener la fidelidad de sus clientes y contribuir positivamente a que la organización cuente con unos ingresos estables de ellos.</p>
<p>Es así que, de acuerdo con autores como <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref1">Achrol (1991)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref88">Moorman et al. (1992)</xref>, un determinante esencial para la lealtad en los clientes reside en que una relación caracterizada por la existencia de confianza en la otra parte es positivamente valorada y sienta las bases para que el compromiso pueda estar presente.</p>
<p>Por último, es importante mencionar que, dentro de las implicaciones de los resultados obtenidos en la investigación, se concibe que las organizaciones, en este caso deportivas, deben preocuparse por tratar de desarrollar confianza en sus clientes, resultado compatible con los de estudios anteriores realizados en otros sectores de actividad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref54">Garbarino y Johnson, 199</xref>9); <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref25">Chaudhuri y Holbrook, 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638168190004_ref28">Chiou y Droge, 2006</xref>). Es así que, en la medida que un cliente perciba el buen hacer de estas organizaciones, junto a su interés por satisfacer los deseos y necesidades del público objetivo, el clima de confianza entre ambas partes aumentará.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>6. CONCLUSIONES</bold>
</title>
<p>Este estudio permite demostrar los determinantes de la lealtad en el contexto de la relación entre la LAT y sus usuarios, lo cual representa un aporte para la construcción de la literatura del marketing y la gestión deportiva en países emergentes como Colombia.</p>
<p>Al comprobar la validez y la fiabilidad de las escalas de medida utilizadas para esta comprobación, se evidencia una pertinencia del uso de estas en futuras investigaciones alrededor del tema para analizar las relaciones entre estos constructos con otros que puedan generar preguntas de investigación.</p>
<p>Se puede confirmar que la confianza y la lealtad son antecedentes relevantes a la hora de generar lealtad en organizaciones deportivas como la LAT, lo que implica que los esfuerzos no se deben centrar solo en satisfacer a los usuarios sino en ir más allá en la generación de confianza y compromiso para el establecimiento de relaciones de largo plazo.</p>
<p>Todo esto permite concluir que la relación entre la LAT con sus usuarios es posible gestionarla teniendo en cuenta un enfoque relacional, permitiendo a las organizaciones deportivas estar a la vanguardia con lo que se espera de otro tipo de organizaciones donde el servicio es la base para la generación de valor.</p>
<p>Igualmente, el propósito buscado no debe ser exclusivamente lograr que los clientes vuelvan, en este caso, a la LAT para contratar servicios deportivos, sino que se debe promover una lealtad basada en las percepciones de sus clientes acerca de la prestación de los servicios. De este modo, el rol que tienen los trabajadores de la LAT es sumamente importante porque son los que interactúan directamente con los clientes, lo que permite evidenciar los beneficios de aplicar aspectos del marketing relacional.</p>
<p>Finalmente se debe manifestar el carácter colateral que tiene este estudio y su aplicación en un contexto limitado. De igual forma, el estudio de un mayor número de antecedentes de las variables expuestas en el trabajo compone una futura línea de investigación que posibilitará tener una visión más completa de la aplicación de la estrategia del marketing relacional en la distribución de servicios deportivos.</p>
<p>Las limitaciones del estudio que se presentaron partieron desde su diseño metodológico, teniendo en cuenta que las conclusiones generadas aplican para el contexto de la LAT, por lo que las relaciones encontradas pueden estar condicionadas por las características de los usuarios de esta liga.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
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<fn-group>
<title>Notas</title>
<fn id="fn9" fn-type="other">
<label>-</label>
<p>
<bold> CONFLICTOS DE INTERÉS </bold>
</p>
<p>Los autores declaran que no presentan conflictos de interés financiero, profesional o personal que pueda influir de forma inapropiada en los resultados obtenidos o las interpretaciones propuestas.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn10" fn-type="other">
<label>-</label>
<p>
<bold> CONTRIBUCIÓN DE AUTORES </bold>
</p>
<p>Para el desarrollo de este proyecto todos los autores han realizado una contribución significativa especificada a continuación:</p>
<p>Oscar Eduardo Ávila-Rodríguez: conceptualización, desarrollo de la investigación y redacción.</p>
<p>Silvana Janeth Correa-Henao: conceptualización, diseño, desarrollo de la investigación y redacción.</p>
<p>Laura Cristina Henao-Colorado: conceptualización, diseño, desarrollo de la investigación, redacción y revisión del manuscrito.</p>
<p>Héctor Alonso Monroy-Escudero: desarrollo de la investigación.</p>
<p>Jorge Iván Brand-Ortiz: diseño y desarrollo de la investigación.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn11" fn-type="other">
<label>*</label>
<p>Este artículo se deriva del proyecto titulado «Factores determinantes de la lealtad de los usuarios de la Liga Antioqueña de Tenis para la construcción de escenarios estratégicos futuros» y ha sido financiado con recursos del Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano.</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</article>