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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="redalyc">6381</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title specific-use="original" xml:lang="es">Revista CEA</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2390-0725</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">2422-3182</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>
<country>Colombia</country>
<email>revistacea@itm.edu.co</email>
</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="art-access-id" specific-use="redalyc">638169410009</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">https://doi.org/10.22430/24223182.1911</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Artículos de revisión</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="es">Neuroeconomía y toma de decisiones financieras: aproximación desde una revisión sistemática de literatura</article-title>
<trans-title-group>
<trans-title xml:lang="en">Neuroeconomics and Financial Decision-Making: A Systematic Literature Review Exploring the Field</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0848-6394</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Osorio-Barreto</surname>
<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
<email>dosoriob@autonoma.edu.co</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7265-5052</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Landínez-Martínez</surname>
<given-names>Daniel Alfredo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
<email>daniel.landinezma@amigo.edu.co</email>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7975-1303</contrib-id>
<name name-style="western">
<surname>Chica-Mesa</surname>
<given-names>Juan Carlos</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
<email>jcchicam@unal.edu.co</email>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<institution content-type="original">Magíster en Economía, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales - Colombia</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Manizales</institution>
<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<institution content-type="original">Magíster en Neuropsicología, Universidad Católica Luis Amigó, Manizales - Colombia</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Católica Luis Amigó</institution>
<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<institution content-type="original">Doctor en Industria y Organizaciones, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Manizales - Colombia</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional de Colombia</institution>
<country country="CO">Colombia</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
<season>Enero-Abril</season>
<year>2022</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>16</issue>
<elocation-id>e1911</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>31</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted" publication-format="dd mes yyyy">
<day>13</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano</copyright-holder>
<ali:free_to_read/>
<license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">
<ali:license_ref>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
<license-p>Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="es">
<title>Resumen</title>
<p>El estudio de la toma de decisiones financieras es un campo emergente de investigación básica y aplicada. Frente a este panorama, los avances en el conocimiento del funcionamiento cognitivo permiten generar la pregunta de cómo, desde la neuroeconomía, se analiza la toma de decisiones financieras. En este sentido, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo principal analizar estudios relacionados sobre neuroeconomía, haciendo énfasis en aquellos enfocados a comprender la toma de decisiones financieras. Para ello se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura soportada en la base de datos Web of Science para identificar las principales referencias sobre el tema, teniendo en cuenta su tipo de publicación, autores, área de conocimiento, palabras clave, enfoque e instrumentos utilizados. Con base en la estrategia metodológica propuesta, se identificaron diferentes trabajos que han analizado la toma de decisiones financieras desde otras perspectivas: riesgo financiero, finanzas personales, decisiones de inversión, entre otros, siendo el diseño de experimentos, apoyado por imágenes diagnósticas, los estudios de mayor impacto. Finalmente, la revisión sistemática encuentra que los estudios de alto impacto se ubican en Estados Unidos y Europa con una ampliación a lo largo del tiempo de técnicas empíricas y experimentales para comprender el proceso de toma de decisiones financieras; adicionalmente, esta revisión pretende ser referente de subsiguientes investigaciones relacionadas en América Latina.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>Financial decision-making is an emerging field of study in basic and applied research. Nevertheless, advances in the knowledge of cognitive functioning have questioned the way neuroeconomics analyzes this type of decision-making. This paper reviews the literature on neuroeconomics, specifically the studies focused on understanding financial decision-making. This systematic literature review was conducted using the Web of Science database to identify the most important publications on the topic, considering the type of publication, authors, knowledge field, keywords, approach, and instruments used. The methodology proposed here retrieved a set of documents that have analyzed financial decision-making from other perspectives (i.e., financial risk, personal finance, and investment decisions, among others). The most influential studies have implemented design of experiments supported by diagnostic imaging. Finally, this systematic literature review found that most high-impact papers have been published in the United States and Europe; in addition, empirical and experimental techniques have long been used to understand financial decision-making. This review aims to be a reference point for subsequent research in this field in Latin America.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
<title>Palabras clave</title>
<kwd>economía del comportamiento</kwd>
<kwd>neuroeconomía</kwd>
<kwd>toma de decisiones</kwd>
<kwd>finanzas comportamentales</kwd>
<kwd>racionalidad limitada</kwd>
<kwd>
<bold>Clasificación JEL:</bold> D01, D90, D91, G41</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Behavioral economics</kwd>
<kwd>neuroeconomics</kwd>
<kwd>decision-making</kwd>
<kwd>behavioral finance</kwd>
<kwd>limited rationality</kwd>
<kwd>
<bold>JEL classification:</bold> D01, D90, D91, G41</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="4"/>
<table-count count="6"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="85"/>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group>
<custom-meta>
<meta-name>Cómo citar / How to cite</meta-name>
<meta-value>Osorio-Barreto, D., Landínez-Martínez, D. A., Chica-Mesa, J. C. (2022). Neuroeconomía y toma de decisiones financieras: aproximación desde una revisión sistemática de literatura. <italic>Revista CEA</italic>, v. 8, n. 16, e1911. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.22430/24223182.1911">https://doi.org/10.22430/24223182.1911</ext-link>
</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>1. INTRODUCCIÓN</bold>
</title>
<p>El estudio de la toma de decisiones financieras es un campo emergente de investigación básica y aplicada. Frente a este panorama, los avances en el conocimiento del funcionamiento cognitivo permiten generar la pregunta de cómo, desde la neuroeconomía, se analiza la toma de decisiones financieras. Para abordarlo, se ha propuesto como objetivo general analizar estudios relacionados sobre neuroeconomía, haciendo énfasis en aquellos enfocados a comprender la toma de decisiones financieras y como objetivos específicos los siguientes: 1) sintetizar los elementos teóricos esenciales de la neuroeconomía que permitan una mayor comprensión de sus principales trabajos; 2) clasificar los principales trabajos sobre neuroeconomía relacionados con la toma de decisiones financieras según los autores más relevantes, revistas destacadas, tema central de interés y enfoque de los trabajos; 3) identificar el avance de la investigación sobre neuroeconomía en América Latina y en Colombia.</p>
<p>La discusión sobre el impacto del comportamiento racional de los individuos y su incidencia en las relaciones entre las personas, quienes se configuran en agentes económicos, ha dado lugar al surgimiento de un campo de investigación denominado «economía del comportamiento» (<italic>behavioral economics</italic>), área de la cual se deriva la neuroeconomía, que pretende estudiar el comportamiento de los individuos, teniendo en cuenta su racionalidad limitada y los fallos que pueden presentarse si se supone una racionalidad completa a la hora de anticipar posiciones/acciones en escenarios intertemporales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref72">Srivastava et al., 2019</xref>).</p>
<p>En este sentido, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref1">Angner y Loewenstein (2012)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref43">Martin y Sbicca, (2021)</xref> afirman que la economía del comportamiento representa un cambio de rumbo frente al <italic>mainstream</italic> propuesto por la economía neoclásica a la hora de comprender el proceso de elección de los individuos (significativamente influido por el conductismo, el hedonismo, el verificacionismo y el operacionalismo), buscando incrementar el poder explicativo y predictivo de la teoría económica de la mano de la psicología, incluyendo en el análisis entidades no observables como las emociones y la heurística.</p>
<p>Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref1">Angner y Loewenstein, (2012)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref14">Carminati, (2020)</xref>, diferentes escuelas del pensamiento económico, iniciando desde los clásicos, aportaron a la reflexión de la economía comportamental, al plantear diversos interrogantes frente al proceso de toma de decisiones de los agentes económicos y su conducta. En este sentido, según los autores mencionados, la economía del comportamiento se erige como área de conocimiento con los aportes de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref34">Katona (1946</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref35">1953</xref>) y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref68">Simon (1955</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref69">1989</xref>) al reflexionar, de la mano de la psicología, sobre la racionalidad limitada de las personas, al cuestionarse sobre los supuestos tradicionales de la economía, abriendo la discusión para trabajos que se constituyeron como seminales en la consolidación de este programa de investigación científica.</p>
<p>Específicamente, como trabajos seminales de la neuroeconomía se destacan los aportes de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref32">Kahneman y Tversky (1979)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref76">Tversky y Kahneman (1991)</xref>, quienes proponen una teoría prospectiva, cuestionando los supuestos de la teoría de la utilidad esperada propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref78">Von Neumann y Morgenstern (1944)</xref>, ajustada a sus procesos cognitivos. Relacionada con esta teoría, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref75">Thaler (1980)</xref> cuestiona las teorías positivas y normativas que analizan cómo los consumidores deben elegir en un modelo racional de maximización de utilidad, y agrega que estos modelos descuidan cómo los consumidores eligen actuando, en ocasiones de manera inconsistente, frente a los postulados tradicionales que no tienen en cuenta los siguientes aspectos: subvaloración de los costos de oportunidad, fallo al ignorar costos hundidos, autocontrol, entre otros.</p>
<p>Ampliando el análisis de la toma de decisiones, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref41">Loewenstein (1996)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref13">Camerer (2013)</xref> afirman que esta es un área de investigación donde convergen la economía y la psicología cognitiva, teniendo en cuenta que elementos como los factores viscerales (hambre, sed, deseo sexual y sueño, entre otros) y la interdependencia estratégica inciden sobre esta, comprendiendo la racionalidad limitada, no como la violación del supuesto de transitividad e independencia, sino como un proceso de percepción subjetiva que depende de múltiples factores que condicionan la elección (emociones, factores viscerales, influencia social, etc.).</p>
<p>Frente a la consolidación de la neuroeconomía, es pertinente destacar las definiciones de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref24">Glimcher (2003)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref1">Angner y Loewenstein (2012)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref6">Bermejo et al. (2011)</xref>, relacionada con el estudio, a partir de herramientas desarrolladas por los neurocientíficos, de cómo interactúa el cerebro humano (específicamente los fundamentos neuronales) con su entorno para generar un comportamiento económico. Así, gran parte sus estudios están basados en el escaneo del cerebro de sujetos que participan en experimentos mientras realizan tareas asociadas a la economía del comportamiento, tales como juego del ultimátum, toma de decisiones bajo riesgo e incertidumbre, elección intertemporal, disyuntiva en compra de bienes, entre otros.</p>
<p>Finalmente, para comprender los elementos neurofisiológicos, neuroestructurales y neurocognitivos que subyacen el comportamiento humano frente a la toma de decisiones financieras es importante resaltar que la corteza prefrontal consta de tres regiones principales que incluye la corteza orbitofrontal, la corteza cingulada anterior, y la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral, que interactúan entre sí, así como con estructuras subcorticales, tales como los ganglios basales, tálamo, y cerebelo, e influyen en el proceso de toma de decisiones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref7">Bigorra et al., 2016</xref>). La corteza orbitofrontal tiene conexiones límbicas y es fundamental en la toma de decisiones basada en emociones y en recompensas. La corteza prefrontal dorsolateral y la corteza cingulada anterior facilitan las decisiones intelectuales que dependen de la memoria de trabajo y el razonamiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref62">Satterfield y Killgore, 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref81">Yang et al., 2017</xref>).</p>
<p>De la misma manera, la corteza orbitofrontal está funcionalmente organizada de tal manera que la porción medial monitorea y decodifica las recompensas, mientras que la porción lateral evalúa el castigo. El valor de la recompensa por factores reforzadores primarios concretos, tales como el tacto y el gusto, son codificados en la corteza orbitofrontal posterior, mientras que el valor de factores reforzadores secundarios más complejos, como el dinero, son codificados en la corteza orbitofrontal anterior (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref21">Fairchild et al., 2009</xref>). En este sentido, los pacientes con lesiones en la corteza orbitofrontal tienen dificultades para rechazar un estímulo a pesar de estar relacionado con consecuencias negativas. De la misma manera, estos pacientes tienen dificultades para ejecutar tareas que requieren empatía o teoría de la mente (TOM), fallando en el procesamiento y reconocimiento de las emociones de otros, y manifiestan alteración del juicio en contextos sociales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref83">Zegarra-Valdivia y Chino, 2018</xref>). Tales limitaciones en el aprendizaje social e identificación de las emociones frecuentemente conllevan a un síndrome clínico relacionado con la desinhibición, impulsividad, aumento de las conductas de toma de riesgo y la incapacidad para modificar la conducta a pesar de consecuencias sociales negativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref22">Fatima et al., 2020</xref>).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>2. METODOLOGÍA</bold>
</title>
<p>A partir de la discusión anterior, se realiza una revisión sistemática de literatura basada en una ecuación de búsqueda (EB) donde se identifican tres descriptores claves que se plantean de manera conjunta (búsqueda realizada en inglés y español): i) neuroeconomía (neuroeconomics ), teniendo en cuenta que sus instrumentos de análisis y medición han generado un avance sustancial en la economía del comportamiento, ii) decision* (decisiones), con el fin de rastrear estudios que estén asociados a la toma de decisiones, iii) financ*, buscando que con este prefijo se pueda encontrar cualquier asociación con aspectos financieros. La <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf1">Figura 1</xref> representa la EB propuesta. Cabe aclarar que el asterisco (*) se utiliza en las palabras indicadas para indicar en los motores de búsqueda la inclusión de todas las combinaciones posibles de sufijos.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf1">
<label>Figura 1. Esquema ecuación de búsqueda (EB)</label>
<caption>
<title>Figure 1. Scheme of topics in the search string</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 1. Esquema ecuación de búsqueda (EB) Figure 1. Scheme of topics in the search string</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="638169410009_gf2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia.</attrib>
</fig>
</p>
<p>Una vez planteada esta ecuación de búsqueda, se resalta que el alcance de esta revisión sistemática de literatura es la aplicación de la EB en la base de datos Web of Science (WoS), revisando los estudios disponibles hasta el año 2019 bajo el criterio de tópico (que incluye título, <italic>abstract</italic> y palabras clave).Cabe mencionar que, dado el objetivo general propuesto relacionado con analizar estudios relacionados sobre neuroeconomía haciendo énfasis en aquellos enfocados a comprender la toma de decisiones financieras, las palabras claves de la EB son amplias en el sentido que pretende dar al lector un panorama general del estado de conocimiento en el área y sus diferentes campos de conocimiento acorde a la base de datos WoS. Basado en los objetivos propuestos, se realiza un rastreo de las referencias asociadas a la EB para, después, analizar detalladamente los principales elementos de los trabajos hallados tales como palabras clave, tema central de investigación, enfoques y herramientas más relevantes.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>3. RESULTADOS</bold>
</title>
<p>En esta sección se hizo una revisión de los 54 trabajos identificados con el planteamiento de la EB. En primer lugar, en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf2">Figura 2</xref>, se observa el posicionamiento del área de análisis en términos del número de publicaciones y citaciones.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf2">
<label>Figura 2. Publicaciones y citaciones por año según WoS</label>
<caption>
<title>Figure 2. Annual number of publications and citations according to WoS</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 2. Publicaciones y citaciones por año según WoS Figure 2. Annual number of publications and citations according to WoS</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="638169410009_gf3.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia.</attrib>
</fig>
</p>
<p>Adicional a la figura anterior, se observó que existe una gran variedad de áreas temáticas, categorías definidas por WoS, que investigan sobre neuroeconomía, partiendo del hecho del carácter multidisciplinar de las publicaciones: neurociencias (38.89 %), economía (18.52 %), ciencias multidisciplinarias (11.11 %), psicología (9.26 %), entre otros.</p>
<p>De otro lado, frente a los autores, la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf3">Figura 3</xref> plantea el <italic>ranking</italic> acorde a su producción científica a lo largo del período de tiempo analizado (el tamaño del círculo es proporcional al número de artículos por año y la tonalidad de la escala de grises varía según el número de citaciones por año). Para el caso de la EB, se destacaron como autores relevantes en el campo P. Tobler, P. Bossaerts, M. Baddeley y C. Camerer.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf3">
<label>Figura 3. Ranking de autores según su producción científica</label>
<caption>
<title>Figure 3. Ranking of authors based on publications</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 3. Ranking de autores según su producción científica Figure 3. Ranking of authors based on publications</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="638169410009_gf4.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia.</attrib>
</fig>
</p>
<p>En relación con la distribución de las publicaciones según su país, basado en el análisis bibliométrico desarrollado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref4">Aria y Cuccurullo (2017)</xref>, se encontró que los países más productivos (en términos de la procedencia de los autores) son Estados Unidos (19 publicaciones), Reino Unido (6 publicaciones), Alemania (5 publicaciones) y China (4 publicaciones). De estos resultados obtenidos se destacó que no se registran casos de aplicación para América Latina (cuando se realiza un rastreo preliminar por Google Académico se encuentran diversas aplicaciones para el caso del <italic>neuromarketing</italic> y discusiones teóricas con cortas aplicaciones para la neuroeconomía en revistas que no están indexadas en las bases de datos analizadas), lo cual potencia el interés de ahondar en esta temática.</p>
<p>De manera complementaria a los análisis anteriores, es pertinente analizar el <italic>ranking</italic> de los artículos con mayor número de citaciones para la EB propuesta, con el fin de identificar publicaciones estratégicas para su estudio detallado. En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt7">Tabla 1</xref> se presenta el <italic>ranking</italic> de los diez artículos con mayor citación, basados en la base de datos de WoS.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt7">
<label>Tabla 1. Ranking de los diez artículos con mayor citación</label>
<caption>
<title>Table 1. Top ten most-cited articles</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 1. Ranking de los diez artículos con mayor citación Table 1. Top ten most-cited articles</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="638169410009_gt2.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="width:439.2pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;" id="gt2-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">
<bold>Posición</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:130.55pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<bold>Título</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<bold>Autores</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<bold>Revista</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:60.9pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<bold>Año publicación</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:52.5pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<bold>Total citaciones</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">1</td>
<td style="width:130.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Orbitofrontal cortex encodes willingness to pay in everyday economic transactions</td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Plassmann et al.</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Journal of Neuroscience</td>
<td style="width:60.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">2007</td>
<td style="width:52.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">459</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">2</td>
<td style="width:130.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Endogenous steroids and financial risk taking on a London, trading floor</td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Coates y Herbert</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</td>
<td style="width:60.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">2008</td>
<td style="width:52.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">298</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">3</td>
<td style="width:130.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Differential encoding of losses and gains in the human striatum</td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Seymour et al.</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Journal of Neuroscience</td>
<td style="width:60.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">2007</td>
<td style="width:52.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">280</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">4</td>
<td style="width:130.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Gender differences in financial risk aversion and career choices are affected by testosterone</td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Sapienza et al.</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</td>
<td style="width:60.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">2009</td>
<td style="width:52.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">270</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">5</td>
<td style="width:130.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">The Influence of Affect on Beliefs, Preferences, and Financial Decisions</td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Kuhnen y Knutson</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis</td>
<td style="width:60.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">2011</td>
<td style="width:52.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">91</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">6</td>
<td style="width:130.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Herding, social influence and economic decision-making: socio-psychological and neuroscientific analyses</td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Baddeley</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences</td>
<td style="width:60.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">2010</td>
<td style="width:52.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">66</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">7</td>
<td style="width:130.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">The somatic marker framework as a neurological theory of decision-making: Review, conceptual comparisons, and future neuroeconomics research</td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Reimann y Bechara</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Journal of Economic Psychology</td>
<td style="width:60.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">2010</td>
<td style="width:52.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">65</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">8</td>
<td style="width:130.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Neuroeconomics and aging: Neuromodulation of economic decision making in old age</td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Mohr et al.</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews</td>
<td style="width:60.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">2010</td>
<td style="width:52.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">57</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">9</td>
<td style="width:130.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Expert Financial Advice Neurobiologically “Offloads’’ Financial Decision-Making under Risk</td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Engelmann et al.</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">PLOS ONE</td>
<td style="width:60.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">2009</td>
<td style="width:52.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">52</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">10</td>
<td style="width:130.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">MAOA-L carriers are better at making optimal financial decisions under risk</td>
<td style="width:77.95pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Frydman et al.</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences</td>
<td style="width:60.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">2011</td>
<td style="width:52.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt">48</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia.</attrib>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>Ahora bien, frente al tipo de publicación de los trabajos, se destacó que 90.74 % corresponden a artículos científicos (49 publicaciones) y 9.26 % a capítulos de libro (5 publicaciones). Específicamente, frente a los artículos científicos, las revistas con más publicaciones se resumen en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt8">Tabla 2</xref>.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt8">
<label>Tabla 2. Ranking de revistas según frecuencia de publicación</label>
<caption>
<title>Table 2. Journal ranking based on publication frequency</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 2. Ranking de revistas según frecuencia de publicación Table 2. Journal ranking based on publication frequency</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="638169410009_gt3.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="width:446.3pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;" id="gt3-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:6.0cm;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.15pt">
<bold>Revista</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.15pt">
<bold>Artículos</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:113.15pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.15pt">
<bold>Área relacionada</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:44.65pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.15pt">
<bold>Cuartil</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:14.15pt">
<bold>Índice h</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:6.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">4</td>
<td style="width:113.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Multidisciplinaria</td>
<td style="width:44.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Q1</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">699</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:6.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Neuroimage</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">3</td>
<td style="width:113.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Neurociencia cognitiva</td>
<td style="width:44.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Q1</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">320</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:6.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Frontiers in Human Neuroscience</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">2</td>
<td style="width:113.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Neurociencia conductual</td>
<td style="width:44.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Q2</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">87</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:6.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Frontiers in Neuroscience</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">2</td>
<td style="width:113.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Neurociencia (miscelánea)</td>
<td style="width:44.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Q1</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">71</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:6.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Frontiers in Psychology</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">2</td>
<td style="width:113.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Psicología (miscelánea)</td>
<td style="width:44.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Q1</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">81</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:6.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">International Journal of Neuroscience</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">2</td>
<td style="width:113.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Neurociencia (miscelánea)</td>
<td style="width:44.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Q3</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">57</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:6.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Journal of Economic Psychology</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">2</td>
<td style="width:113.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Economía y Econometría</td>
<td style="width:44.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Q2</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">82</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:6.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Journal of Neuroscience</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">2</td>
<td style="width:113.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Neurociencia (miscelánea)</td>
<td style="width:44.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Q1</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">422</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:14.15pt">
<td style="width:6.0cm;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">PloS ONE</td>
<td style="width:70.9pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">2</td>
<td style="width:113.15pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Medicina (miscelánea)</td>
<td style="width:44.65pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">Q1</td>
<td style="width:47.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:14.15pt">268</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia a partir de WoS, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref4">Aria y Cuccurullo, (2017)</xref> y Scimago Journal &amp; Country Rank.</attrib>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>Adicionalmente, se resalta el análisis realizado de las palabras claves (<italic>keywords</italic>) donde se destaca como descriptores más comunes los asociados a <italic>neuroeconomics y decision-making</italic>, seguido por <italic>reward</italic>, fMRI, <italic>risk</italic>, <italic>emotions</italic>. El propósito de este rastreo es contemplar la pluralidad de conceptos asociados a la realización de investigaciones en el área de la neuroeconomía. La <xref ref-type="fig" rid="gf4">Figura 4</xref> muestra las palabras clave (en inglés, para conservar la coherencia con las bases de datos) encontradas en la revisión realizada.</p>
<p>
<fig id="gf4">
<label>Figura 4. Gráfico de coocurrencias según EB</label>
<caption>
<title>Figure 4. Network of co-occurrences found with the search string</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Figura 4. Gráfico de coocurrencias según EB Figure 4. Network of co-occurrences found with the search string</alt-text>
<graphic xlink:href="638169410009_gf5.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia a partir de Web of Science y la aplicación VOSviewer.</attrib>
</fig>
</p>
<p>Entrando en detalle a la revisión de artículos de la EB, con la herramienta Tree Of Science (ToS), desarrollada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref57">Robledo et al. (2014)</xref>, se identificaron los trabajos seminales (raíz), estructurales (tronco) y derivados o recientes (ramas) en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt9">Tabla 3</xref>.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt9">
<label>Tabla 3. Clasificación de artículos con base en la herramienta ToS</label>
<caption>
<title>Table 3. Classification of articles by ToS</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 3. Clasificación de artículos con base en la herramienta ToS Table 3. Classification of articles by ToS</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="638169410009_gt4.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;  " id="gt4-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:17.0pt">
<td style="width:127.35pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt">
<bold>Clasificación</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:314.05pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:17.0pt">
<bold>Artículos</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:17.0pt">
<td style="width:127.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:17.0pt">Recientes (ramas)</td>
<td style="width:314.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:17.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref70">Spinella et al. (2004)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref71">Spinella et al. (2007)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref51">Preuschoff et al. (2008)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref8">Bossaerts (2009)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref19">Engelmann et al. (2009)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref25">Halko et al. (2009)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref59">Sapienza et al. (2009)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref11">Burke et al. (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref33">Kalenscher et al. (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref47">Mohr et al. (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref6">Bermejo et al. (2011)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref23">Frydman et al. (2011)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref46">Miyapuram et al. (2012)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref66">Shimokawa et al. (2012)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref67">Shoji y Kanehiro (2012)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref86">Zhu et al. (2012)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref13">Camerer (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref15">Causse et al. (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref48">Mullett y Tunney (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref53">Pulcu et al. (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref65">Shen et al. (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref77">Tzieropoulos (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref82">Zandstra et al. (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref16">Chiong et al. (2014)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref27">Holper et al. (2014)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref52">Prinz et al. (2014)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref2">Apicella et al. (2015)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref42">Lucarelli et al. (2015)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref38">Kolev et al. (2015)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref79">Wang (2015)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref10">Brunnlieb et al. (2016)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref36">Knecht y Kenning (2016)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref74">Suzuki et al. (2016)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref44">Mateu et al. (2017)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref49">Nienhusser y Oshio (2017)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref54">Raggetti et al. (2017)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref60">Saposnik et al. (2017)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref3">Ardalan (2018)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref20">Erkut et al. (2018)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref26">Harris et al. (2018)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref30">James (2018)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref84">Zhang (2018)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref9">Brisset y Jullien (2020)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref29">Hu y Shealy (2019)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref61">Saposnik et al. (2019)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref72">Srivastava et al. (2019)</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:17.0pt">
<td style="width:127.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:17.0pt">Estructurales (tronco)</td>
<td style="width:314.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:17.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref50">Plassmann et al. (2007)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref64">Seymour et al. (2007)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref17">Coates y Herbert (2008)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref85">Zhong et al. (2009)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref5">Baddeley (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref56">Reimann y Bechara (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref40">Kuhnen y Knutson (2011)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref73">Strombach et al. (2016)</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:17.0pt">
<td style="width:127.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:17.0pt">Seminales (raíz)</td>
<td style="width:314.05pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:17.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref32">Kahneman y Tversky (1979)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref63">Schultz et al. (1997)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref58">Sanfey et al. (2003)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref45">McClure et al. (2004)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref12">Camerer et al. (2005)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref28">Hsu et al. (2005)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref39">Kuhnen y Knutson (2005)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref37">Knutson et al. (2007)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref55">Rangel et al. (2008)</xref>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia a partir de la EB de WoS y la aplicación ToS.</attrib>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>Una vez analizados los trabajos encontrados por la EB, se realizó una clasificación de estos según el tema central de análisis, el enfoque del estudio y la principal herramienta utilizada; para ello, los esquemas que se presentan a continuación están basados en la estructura de presentación de la revisión sistemática de literatura realizada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref80">Witte y López-Torres (2017)</xref>.</p>
<p>En primer lugar, la <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt10">Tabla 4</xref> muestra la clasificación de los documentos revisados según su tema central de análisis, basado en categorías creadas de manera discrecional de tal manera que capture la esencia de cada estudio: 1) toma de decisiones, con el fin de rastrear estudios que iluminen sobre la aplicación de la neuroeconomía para resolver problemas asociados a este tema; 2) neuroeconomía, dirigido especialmente a la identificación de estudios que hayan hecho revisión de literatura o discusión teórica sobre este tema; 3) finanzas, que abarca estudios que analizaron diferentes aspectos de esta área como riesgo, gestión de finanzas personales, sistemas de inversión, entre otros; 4) conducta y otros estudios relacionados, la cual abarca diferentes escenarios de comportamiento de los agentes económicos con diferentes herramientas utilizadas y algunos estudios que analizaron aspectos puntuales de la salud humana como el envejecimiento, la obesidad y la modulación hormonal.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt10">
<label>Tabla 4. Clasificación de los trabajos según tema central de análisis</label>
<caption>
<title>Table 4. Classification of articles by main topic of analysis</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 4. Clasificación de los trabajos según tema central de análisis Table 4. Classification of articles by main topic of analysis</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="638169410009_gt5.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;  " id="gt5-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:16.0pt">
<bold>Tema central</bold>
</td>
<td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:16.0pt">
<bold>Subtema</bold>
</td>
<td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:16.0pt">
<bold>Trabajos</bold>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:27.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:27.0pt" rowspan="4">Toma de decisiones</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:27.0pt" rowspan="2">General</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:27.0pt" rowspan="2">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref50">Plassmann et al. (2007)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref64">Seymour et al. (2007)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref5">Baddeley (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref33">Kalenscher et al. (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref47">Mohr et al. (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref56">Reimann &amp; Bechara (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref15">Causse et al. (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref48">Mullett y Tunney (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref77">Tzieropoulos (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref42">Lucarelli et al. (2015)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref60">Saposnik et al. (2017)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref29">Hu y Shealy (2019)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:27.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:33.0pt">
<td style="height:33.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:56.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:56.0pt">Financieras</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:56.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref8">Bossaerts (2009)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref19">Engelmann et al. (2009)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref6">Bermejo et al. (2011)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref23">Frydman et al. (2011)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref40">Kuhnen y Knutson (2011)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref27">Holper et al. (2014)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref52">Prinz et al. (2014)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref44">Mateu et al. (2017)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref49">Nienhusser y Oshio (2017)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref20">Erkut et al. (2018)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:56.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Social</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref86">Zhu et al. (2012)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:16.0pt" colspan="2">Neuroeconomía</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref13">Camerer (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref38">Kolev et al. (2015)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref72">Srivastava et al. (2019)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:16.0pt" rowspan="7">Finanzas</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Riesgo financiero</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref17">Coates y Herbert (2008)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref59">Sapienza et al. (2009)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref85">Zhong et al. (2009)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref2">Apicella et al. (2015)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref84">Zhang (2018)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Uso tarjetas de crédito</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref70">Spinella et al. (2004)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Gestión de finanzas personales</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref71">Spinella et al. (2007)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Comportamiento financiero</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref30">James (2018)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Errores financieros</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref16">Chiong et al. (2014)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Recompensas monetarias</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref46">Miyapuram et al. (2012)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Teoría de portafolio/Mercado de valores</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref51">Preuschoff et al. (2008)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref66">Shimokawa et al. (2012)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref79">Wang (2015)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref54">Raggetti et al. (2017)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref3">Ardalan (2018)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref9">Brisset y Jullien (2020)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:16.0pt" rowspan="9">Conducta y otros estudios relacionados</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Decisiones del consumidor</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref67">Shoji y Kanehiro (2012)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref82">Zandstra et al. (2013)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Respuesta empática</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref65">Shen et al. (2013)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Emociones</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref53">Pulcu et al. (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref61">Saposnik et al. (2019)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Contagio conductual</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref11">Burke et al. (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref74">Suzuki et al. (2016)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Comportamiento de salud</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref36">Knecht y Kenning (2016)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Comportamiento motivado</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref73">Strombach et al. (2016)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Cooperación</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref10">Brunnlieb et al. (2016)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Competencia entre pares</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref25">Halko et al. (2009)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
<tr style="height:16.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">Salud pública</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:16.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref26">Harris et al. (2018)</xref>
</td>
<td style="height:16.0pt;border:none"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia a partir de Web of Science.</attrib>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>En segundo lugar, se procedió a clasificar los estudios revisados en la EB según el enfoque de los mismos, planteando cuatro criterios de clasificación: 1) experimentos, los cuales se subdividen según el instrumento o herramienta relevante para el análisis del comportamiento de los sujetos (tales como resonancia magnética, electroencefalograma, pruebas de saliva, entre otros); 2) método cuantitativo, que recoge algunos artículos que, para comprobar sus hipótesis, se apoyan en el modelamiento estadístico y econométrico tradicional; 3) revisión de literatura, sección que recoge los trabajo que realizan un rastreo teórico a partir de revisiones de literatura, sistemáticas y no sistemáticas, que contextualizan los avances en los campos de estudio; 4) corta comunicación, que menciona un estudio arrojado por las bases de datos que plantea los elementos esenciales de su proyecto (y que no podría ubicarse en los campos anteriores). La <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt11">Tabla 5</xref> muestra la clasificación mencionada.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt11">
<label>Tabla 5. Clasificación de los trabajos según enfoque del estudio e instrumento relevante</label>
<caption>
<title>Table 5. Classification of articles by research approach and relevant instrument</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 5. Clasificación de los trabajos según enfoque del estudio e instrumento relevante Table 5. Classification of articles by research approach and relevant instrument</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="638169410009_gt6.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;  " id="gt6-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr style="height:16.45pt">
<td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:16.45pt">
<bold>Enfoque</bold>
</td>
<td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:16.45pt">
<bold>Instrumento relevante</bold>
</td>
<td style="border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:   solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;   padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:16.45pt">
<bold>Trabajos</bold>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt" rowspan="15">Experimentos</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">Imagen por resonancia magnética funcional (fMRI)</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref50">Plassmann et al. (2007)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref64">Seymour et al. (2007)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref51">Preuschoff et al. (2008)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref19">Engelmann et al. (2009)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref25">Halko et al. (2009)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref11">Burke et al. (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref46">Miyapuram et al. (2012)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref15">Causse et al. (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref48">Mullett y Tunney (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref10">Brunnlieb et al. (2016)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref74">Suzuki et al. (2016)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref54">Raggetti et al. (2017)</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">Imagen por resonancia magnética (MRI)</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref33">Kalenscher et al. (2010)</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">Espectroscopia por infrarrojo cercano (fNIRS)</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref66">Shimokawa et al. (2012)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref27">Holper et al. (2014)</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">Estímulo de corriente directa transcraneal (tDCS)</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref84">Zhang (2018)</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">Muestras de saliva</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref17">Coates y Herbert (2008)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref59">Sapienza et al. (2009)</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">Electroencefalograma (EEG)</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref65">Shen et al. (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref79">Wang (2015)</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">Genotipado</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref23">Frydman et al. (2011)</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">Respuesta galvánica de la piel (SCR)</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref42">Lucarelli et al. (2015)</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">Método/Modelamiento computacional</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref67">Shoji y Kanehiro (2012)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref86">Zhu et al. (2012)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref61">Saposnik et al. (2019)</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">Análisis neurogenético y neuroquímico</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref85">Zhong et al. (2009)</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt" rowspan="5">Aplicación de pruebas</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref71">Spinella et al. (2007)</xref> - Escala de Finanzas personales ejecutivas</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref70">Spinella et al. (2004)</xref> - Escala de Comportamiento del Sistema Frontal</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref40">Kuhnen &amp; Knutson (2011)</xref> – Prueba de creencias</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref30">James (2018)</xref> – Interés frente a donaciones caritativas</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref82">Zandstra et al. (2013)</xref> - Reclamos verdes</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt" rowspan="4" colspan="2">Modelamiento</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref16">Chiong et al. (2014)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref49">Nienhusser &amp; Oshio (2017)</xref> – Análisis factorial</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref52">Prinz et al. (2014)</xref> – ANOVA</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref60">Saposnik et al. (2017)</xref> – Análisis corte transversal</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref3">Ardalan (2018)</xref> – Modelo matemático</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height:1.0pt">
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;   height:1.0pt" colspan="2">Revisión de literatura</td>
<td style="border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;height:1.0pt">
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref8">Bossaerts (2009)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref5">Baddeley (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref47">Mohr et al. (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref56">Reimann &amp; Bechara (2010)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref6">Bermejo et al. (2011)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref13">Camerer (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref53">Pulcu et al. (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref77">Tzieropoulos (2013)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref2">Apicella et al. (2015)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref38">Kolev et al. (2015)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref36">Knecht &amp; Kenning (2016)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref73">Strombach et al. (2016)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref44">Mateu et al. (2017)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref20">Erkut et al. (2018)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref26">Harris et al. (2018)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref9">Brisset y Jullien (2020)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref29">Hu y Shealy (2019)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref72">Srivastava et al. (2019)</xref>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia a partir de Web of Science.</attrib>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>A partir de la clasificación realizada, es pertinente resaltar que el 57.41 % de los estudios revisados posee los experimentos como enfoque o método de investigación; seguido por un 33.33 % asociado a revisiones de literatura y un 9.26 % relacionado con modelamiento matemático y estadístico. De esta manera, se encuentra que el enfoque de investigación basado en experimentos se erige como uno de los más relevantes en las investigaciones asociadas a la neuroeconomía en el campo de la toma de decisiones financieras.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>4. DISCUSIÓN</bold>
</title>
<p>Los resultados presentados evidencian una relación estrecha con un campo específico de la economía del comportamiento denominado finanzas comportamentales. De esta manera, es pertinente complementar los hallazgos obtenidos con una breve descripción de los trabajos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref69">Simon (1989)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref32">Kahneman y Tversky (1979)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref18">De Bondt y Thaler (1995)</xref> para destacar los siguientes conceptos centrales relevantes: la racionalidad limitada, la teoría prospectiva y los microfundamentos de las finanzas comportamentales. De manera general, la clasificación propuesta en la Tabla 4 puede evidenciar que un concepto transversal al tema central de interés es la racionalidad limitada, que las reflexiones teóricas parten de reflexiones alrededor de la teoría prospectiva y las aplicaciones a la toma de decisiones, finanzas y la conducta están soportadas en los microfundamentos de las finanzas comportamentales. Así cobra sentido abordar estos conceptos para complementar el análisis bibliométrico realizado en aras de tener un panorama más amplio para dar alcance a los objetivos propuestos.</p>
<p>La racionalidad limitada: a partir de lo discutido anteriormente, es posible identificar que uno de los elementos claves del <italic>mainstream</italic> del análisis económico, ha girado en torno al supuesto de la racionalidad completa de los individuos; sin embargo, dicho supuesto ha generado diversas inconsistencias frente a las formulaciones teóricas y los escenarios reales de actuación de estos, lo cual derivó en el surgimiento de la economía del comportamiento como una rama de la economía que pretende analizar la conducta de los individuos en escenarios/experimentos sin supuestos/juicios a <italic>priori</italic>.</p>
<p>A partir de esta crítica, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref69">Simon (1989)</xref> soporta su análisis en la teoría de la racionalidad limitada, donde la estructura de razonamiento de los individuos busca alcanzar mínimos niveles de satisfacción para luego ajustar la elección y elevar su satisfacción acorde a las condiciones de su entorno (tomando como punto de partida la biología). Especialmente, analiza la naturaleza y límites de la razón humana, al enfatizar en tres ideas centrales: i) la relación que tiene la razón con la intuición y la emoción, ii) la analogía entre adaptación racional y evolución y, iii) las implicaciones de la racionalidad limitada para la operación de las instituciones políticas y sociales. De manera específica, Simon (1989) cuestiona el optimismo que se tiene en algunas ciencias sociales al afirmar que los individuos son lo suficientemente racionales para resolver todos los problemas, destacando que la comprensión de los mismos no tienen en cuenta los siguientes elementos: 1) se pretende plantear leyes infalibles a partir de hechos específicos (y no generales), lo cual lleva a errores en los planteamientos; 2) los análisis están basados en diversas suposiciones teóricas que facilitan su comprensión (estrechando aún más el panorama de la realidad) y; 3) ante esta limitación del proceso de razonamiento para postular conclusiones generales y consistentes, se adiciona el agravante que, en muchas ocasiones, la razón se altera por valores, hechos y emociones.</p>
<p>Con el fin de comprender de una forma más cercana a la realidad la conducta humana, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref69">Simon (1989)</xref> desarrolla el modelo de la racionalidad limitada, basado en los siguientes hechos: 1) las decisiones de los individuos no son elecciones que abarcan grandes áreas de su vida, sino que tienden a ser relativamente independientes de otras dimensiones de la vida; 2) no se calcula de manera rigurosa las consecuencias de una decisión para el futuro (y menos las distribuciones de probabilidad dependientes de la alternativa escogida), 3) los individuos, una vez que toman una decisión, dejan de analizar las alternativas posibles y van tomando un rumbo que va sesgando su comportamiento y, 4) a pesar de las asimetrías de información, los individuos buscan recolectar la mayor información posible para la toma de decisiones. Así, este modelo conductual es consciente de las interconexiones entre variables que afectan el mundo, pero se enfoca en las consideraciones que significativamente predominan y afectan al individuo; en otras palabras, se caracteriza porque el ser humano toma sus decisiones basado en su adaptación, comprensión y priorización de los problemas del entorno; restringido por el orden que debe dar a sus problemas, las emociones que lo pueden conducir a un rumbo determinado y por la información que pueda obtener del medio ambiente.</p>
<p>La teoría prospectiva: esta teoría desarrollada por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref32">Kahneman y Tversky (1979)</xref> cuestiona los supuestos de la teoría de la utilidad esperada propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref78">Von Neumann y Morgenstern (1944)</xref>, considerado como uno de los paradigmas en la toma de decisiones financieras, mediante la realización de experimentos simples que evidencian la presencia de los siguientes efectos: i) efecto certeza: relacionado con el hecho que se sobrestiman resultados que se consideran ciertos en relación con los resultados que son meramente probables; ii) efecto reflejo: que evidencia que la aversión al riesgo (que tiende a ser cóncava) en escenarios de ganancias no se refleja de igual manera en escenarios de pérdida, al evidenciarse la búsqueda de riesgo en terrenos negativos (funciones convexas); iii) efecto aislamiento: que resalta que las personas a menudo ignoran los componentes que comparten alternativas y se concentran únicamente en los componentes que los distinguen. A partir de lo anterior, la presencia de los efectos mencionados viola los axiomas de transitividad, reflexividad e independencia de las preferencias asumidas por la teoría de la utilidad esperada; de esta manera, la racionalidad limitada de los individuos juega un papel esencial en los resultados de los experimentos propuestos y dificulta que la teoría propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref78">Von Neumann y Morgenstern (1944)</xref> sea un paradigma sólido en el análisis económico.</p>
<p>A partir de lo anterior, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref32">Kahneman y Tversky (1979)</xref> proponen una ‘teoría prospectiva’, la cual se desarrolla para prospectos simples con resultados monetarios y probabilidades claras donde se distinguen dos fases en el proceso de decisión de los individuos: una fase temprana de edición (que contempla una serie de procesos de codificación, combinación, segregación y simplificación) y una fase posterior de evaluación; proceso que es coherente con los postulados de las ciencias cognitivas que resalta la complejidad de la toma de decisiones. En este sentido, la teoría mencionada analiza el proceso de toma de decisiones de los individuos, en escenarios de riesgo, de una manera más lógica y ajustada a sus procesos cognitivos, destacando los siguientes puntos clave: i) las actitudes hacia el riesgo se determinan conjuntamente, y no únicamente por la función de utilidad; ii) es instructivo examinar las condiciones bajo las cuales se espera que ocurra la aversión al riesgo o la búsqueda del riesgo; iii) hay situaciones en las que las ganancias y las pérdidas se codifican en relación con una expectativa o nivel de aspiración que difiere del <italic>statu quo</italic>; iv) puede surgir una discrepancia entre el punto de referencia y la posición del activo actual debido a los cambios recientes en la riqueza a los que todavía no se ha adaptado el individuo; v) el lapso de tiempo y los juicios emitidos (asociados a influencia social) inciden en el proceso de toma de decisiones.</p>
<p>Microfundamentos de las finanzas comportamentales: en la misma lógica de los aportes de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref69">Simon (1989)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref32">Kahnemany y Tversky (1979)</xref> y otros autores de las finanzas comportamentales, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref18">De Bondt y Thaler (1995)</xref> realizan una detallada revisión de literatura donde destacan que el proceso de toma de decisiones y elaboración de predicciones de parte de personas, firmas y mercados están sujetos a la presencia de la racionalidad limitada de los individuos, los cuales están caracterizados por los siguientes fenómenos de comportamiento resumidos en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="gt12">Tabla 6</xref>.</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="gt12">
<label>Tabla 6. Microfundamentos de las finanzas comportamentales</label>
<caption>
<title>Table 6. Microfoundations of behavioral finance</title>
</caption>
<alt-text>Tabla 6. Microfundamentos de las finanzas comportamentales Table 6. Microfoundations of behavioral finance</alt-text>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="638169410009_gt7.png" position="anchor" orientation="portrait"/>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse;border:none;  " id="gt7-526564616c7963">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width:162.8pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">
<bold>Exceso de confianza</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:278.6pt;border-top:solid windowtext 1.0pt;   border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:none;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">Asociado al hecho que los individuos sobreestiman la fiabilidad de su conocimiento, de sus habilidades y de sus predicciones.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:162.8pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">
<bold>Heurística de representatividad</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:278.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">Relacionado con la búsqueda de «atajos mentales» donde los individuos evalúan la probabilidad de un evento incierto, o una muestra, según la similitud con las propiedades esenciales para su población matriz o el reflejo de las características sobresalientes del proceso por el cual se genera, pudiendo llevar a errores sistemáticos.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:162.8pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">
<bold>Aversión al riesgo, encuadre (<italic>framing</italic>) y contabilidad mental</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:278.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">Implica que la aversión/propensión al riesgo depende de los cambios en la riqueza, ante el hecho que los cambios negativos se ponderan más que las ganancias. Además, dicha aversión implica que la toma de decisiones es sensible al marco o delimitación de opciones de acción, donde las personas llevan una 'contabilidad mental' de dichas opciones y procesos.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:162.8pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">
<bold>Modas y novedades</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:278.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">Ilustra el efecto de la influencia social sobre las decisiones de los individuos, especialmente evidente en fenómenos de 'comportamiento de manada/rebaño' donde sienten presión por seguir una tendencia/patrón marcado por dicha influencia.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:162.8pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">
<bold>Arrepentimiento, responsabilidad y prudencia</bold>
</td>
<td style="width:278.6pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;      padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt">Evidencia diferentes sensaciones <italic>ex post</italic> sobre decisiones que condujeron a malos resultados, lo cual es de interés de estudio en la medida en que los tomadores de decisiones tomen medidas para evitar el arrepentimiento mediante estrategias como transferir la responsabilidad de una decisión a otra persona (vincular a un agente) o siguiendo normas sociales y legales «estándar» desde el punto de vista de la prudencia.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</alternatives>
<attrib>Fuente: elaboración propia a partir de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="redalyc_638169410009_ref18">De Bondt y Thaler (1995)</xref>.</attrib>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>A partir del anterior esquema, los autores afirman que la comprensión de las finanzas comportamentales complementa y amplía los paradigmas de las finanzas modernas en el sentido en que, el uso de diversos métodos de investigación y el apoyo en diferentes disciplinas, facilita la observación cuidadosa de lo que realmente hacen las personas, sin necesidad de proponer supuestos artificiales que se alejan de la realidad y no permiten plantear principios de comportamiento generales que se apliquen en múltiples contextos. De esta manera, el análisis de variables relevantes en el sistema económico como decisiones bajo escenarios de riesgo, expectativas y fijación de precios es más potente en la medida en que el instrumental matemático y analítico de la economía ortodoxa es combinado con el esquema analítico y experimental de la economía y finanzas comportamentales.</p>
<p>Para finalizar con esta sección es importante resaltar que el campo de investigación de las finanzas comportamentales, y, de manera más amplia, la economía experimental, es indispensable para la problemática de investigación propuesta en el sentido que brinda el marco analítico para comprender la conducta y proceso de toma de decisiones de los individuos, apoyado en una diversidad de ejemplos de experimentos y aplicaciones, que facilitan conectar los principales modelos microeconómicos con la óptica realista de la racionalidad limitada y la complejidad de la toma de decisiones financieras.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>
<bold>5. CONCLUSIONES</bold>
</title>
<p>La comprensión de los avances en neuroeconomía, tema de investigación que ha cobrado relevancia en años recientes, parten de la economía del comportamiento como campo de estudio que suscitó la comprensión de la conducta de los agentes económicos, especialmente la toma de decisiones, apoyado de las neurociencias cognitivas aplicadas. Por otra parte, la revisión de literatura realizada permite identificar los principales trabajos sobre neuroeconomía aplicados a la toma de decisiones financieras, presentando un amplio abanico de posibilidades desde su principal enfoque como lo son los experimentos, a la luz de diferentes equipos de análisis neurológico (resonancia magnética, electroencefalograma, entre otros). En esta vía se encuentran diversos aspectos susceptibles de analizarse en la toma de decisiones financieras como lo son la aversión al riesgo, la gestión de finanzas y la estructura de incentivos. De otro lado, los principales expertos sobre este tema se ubican en Estados Unidos y Europa.</p>
<p>De esta manera, el ejercicio realizado constituye un insumo exploratorio valioso para investigadores de la región a la hora de entender el estado de la literatura relacionada con la toma de decisiones financieras en el campo de la neuroeconomía. Así, el ejercicio realizado permite identificar la oportunidad de ahondar en este tema de investigación dado que se registran pocas publicaciones para el caso latinoamericano, según los estándares de alta calidad en publicaciones científicas; teniendo en cuenta que los principales estudios se encuentran publicados en las principales revistas de neurociencia del mundo. En este sentido, se identifica una línea de investigación interesante por desarrollar en la región con la aplicación de técnicas empíricas y experimentales identificadas en la revisión, donde las reflexiones teóricas van siendo robustecidas por técnicas empíricas desde diferentes disciplinas para una mejor comprensión del comportamiento y decisiones de los seres humanos. De esta manera, esta revisión pretende ser referente de subsiguientes investigaciones relacionadas en América Latina.</p>
</sec>
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<fn-group>
<title>Notas</title>
<fn id="fn13" fn-type="other">
<label>*</label>
<p>Este artículo se deriva de la tesis doctoral «Ensayos en macroeconomía del comportamiento: expectativas de inflación y sus determinantes», y ha sido financiado con recursos de la Universidad Autónoma de Manizales.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn14" fn-type="other">
<label>-</label>
<p>
<bold> CONFLICTOS DE INTERÉS </bold>
</p>
<p>Los autores declaran que no presentan conflictos de interés financiero, profesional o personal que pueda influir de forma inapropiada en los resultados obtenidos o las interpretaciones propuestas.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="fn15" fn-type="other">
<label>-</label>
<p>
<bold> CONTRIBUCIÓN DE AUTORES </bold>
</p>
<p>Para el desarrollo de este proyecto todos los autores han realizado una contribución significativa especificada a continuación:</p>
<p>Daniel Osorio-Barreto: análisis bibliométrico y reflexión a la luz de la teoría económica.</p>
<p>Daniel Alfredo Landínez-Martínez: reflexión y análisis desde la neuropsicología.</p>
<p>Juan Carlos Chica-Mesa: reflexión y análisis desde las finanzas comportamentales.</p>
</fn>
</fn-group>
</back>
</article>